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Related Concept Videos

Buffers: Buffer Capacity01:09

Buffers: Buffer Capacity

Buffer capacity is the quantitative measure of a buffer to resist the change in pH. As shown in the following equation, the buffer capacity, denoted by 'beta', is expressed as the number of moles of acid or base needed to change the pH of a one-liter buffer solution by 1 unit. Here, Ca and Cb indicate the number of moles of acid and base, respectively. Note that dpH represents the change in pH.
In the graph, pH is plotted as a function of the number of moles of base (Cb) added to a weak acid...
Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Buffers: Overview01:30

Buffers: Overview

Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Huge capacity optical packet switching and buffering.

Satoshi Shinada1, Hideaki Furukawa, Naoya Wada

  • 1National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 4-2-1 Nukui-kitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8795, Japan. sshinada@nict.go.jp

Optics Express
|January 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We demonstrate a 2.56 Tbit/s/port optical packet switch for high-speed data transmission. This system effectively handles dual-polarization Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing/Dual-Polarization Quadrature Phase Shift Keying optical packets with varying polarization.

More Related Videos

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
09:43

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
07:45

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
09:43

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Optical networking
  • Telecommunications engineering
  • Photonics

Background:

  • High-capacity optical networks require efficient switching and buffering.
  • Polarization-dependent losses can degrade signal quality in optical packet switching systems.
  • Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) and Dual-Polarization Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) are advanced modulation formats for high data rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a 2.56 Tbit/s/port optical packet switch (OPS) capable of handling variable-length optical packets.
  • To investigate the performance of an OPS system using DWDM/DQPSK signals with time-varying polarization.
  • To achieve low polarization-dependent loss in the optical data plane.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a 2x2 OPS system utilizing multi-connected electro-optical switches and fiber delay lines.
  • Implementation of a data plane with accumulated polarization dependent loss less than 5 dB per optical path.
  • Testing the OPS system with DWDM/DQPSK optical packets after 100 km fiber transmission.

Main Results:

  • Successful demonstration of 2.56 Tbit/s/port switching and buffering for DWDM/DQPSK variable-length optical packets.
  • Achieved handling of 1.28 Tbit/s/port DWDM/DQPSK optical packets with time-varying polarization.
  • Verified low polarization-dependent loss, enabling robust optical packet switching.

Conclusions:

  • The developed low-polarization-dependence OPS system is effective for high-capacity optical networks.
  • The system can reliably switch and buffer advanced optical signals like DWDM/DQPSK.
  • This technology supports future high-speed optical communication systems.