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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes01:28

Pharmacogenetics of Phase I Enzymes: Cytochrome P450 Isozymes

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are a superfamily of heme-containing monooxygenases that play a pivotal role in Phase I drug metabolism by catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions.These enzymes transform lipophilic xenobiotics into more hydrophilic metabolites, facilitating subsequent Phase II conjugation and eventual excretion. The CYP450 family is classified into families (e.g., CYP1–CYP3) and subfamilies (e.g., CYP2A, CYP2C), based on amino acid sequence homology.CYP450 isoenzymes,...

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Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease
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Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease

Published on: April 4, 2018

Pharmacogenomics: what is next?

Julia di Iulio1, Margalida Rotger

  • 1Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland. julia.di-iulio@chuv.ch

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|January 26, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmacogenomics is shifting towards large-scale studies, focusing on biological pathways instead of single genes. This review explores new high-throughput methods and study designs for future pharmacogenomics research.

Keywords:
GWASnext generation sequencingpharmacogenomics

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Bioinformatics
  • Pharmacology and Drug Development

Background:

  • Traditional pharmacogenomics relied on candidate gene approaches.
  • A paradigm shift is occurring towards pathway-based and large-scale genomic analyses.
  • Advancements in genomic technologies enable unbiased assessment of gene involvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging concepts in pharmacogenomics study design.
  • To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of high-throughput approaches.
  • To outline future directions in pharmacogenomics research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and emerging trends in pharmacogenomics.
  • Analysis of large-scale genomic strategies and pathway analysis.
  • Discussion of high-throughput technologies and their application.

Main Results:

  • Large-scale genomic approaches offer broader insights than single-gene studies.
  • Pathway-centric analyses provide a more holistic understanding of drug response.
  • High-throughput methods are becoming increasingly feasible for pharmacogenomics.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacogenomics is evolving towards comprehensive, pathway-based, and large-scale investigations.
  • New study designs and high-throughput technologies will drive future discoveries.
  • The field is moving beyond a priori hypotheses to data-driven gene discovery.