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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Mouse Models of Periventricular Leukomalacia
06:24

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Published on: May 18, 2010

[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)].

Hidehiro Mizusawa1, Shuji Kishida, Masayuki Saijo

  • 1Department of Neurology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences.

Rinsho Shinkeigaku = Clinical Neurology
|January 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare brain infection caused by John Cunningham virus (JCV) reactivation in immunocompromised individuals. Early detection via JCV genome testing in CSF and improved treatments like HAART offer better prognoses for PML patients.

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Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes
06:44

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Published on: June 13, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Context:

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.
  • PML is caused by reactivation of the John Cunningham virus (JCV) in immunocompromised individuals.
  • HIV infection and Natalizumab therapy have increased PML incidence, yet prognoses have improved.

Purpose:

  • To summarize the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of PML.
  • To highlight advancements in PML treatment and prognosis.
  • To introduce a surveillance and research system for PML in Japan.

Summary:

  • PML presents with diverse neurological symptoms and characteristic MRI findings.
  • Diagnosis relies on detecting the JCV genome in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
  • While historically fatal, treatments like HAART and potential therapies like mefloquine have improved outcomes, though immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) requires management.

Impact:

  • Improved diagnostic strategies for PML.
  • Enhanced understanding of PML pathogenesis and clinical course.
  • Development of a national system for PML surveillance and research in Japan to optimize patient care.