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Hybrid Zones

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.

Fixed Action Patterns

Fixed Action Patterns

A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.

Mate Choice

Mate Choice

Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

The principle of natural selection posits that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This principle is closely intertwined with mating preferences, a key aspect of sexual selection, which evolutionary psychologists believe is driven by instincts to propagate one's genes. Such instincts significantly influence mating behaviors and preferences between genders.
Females, due to their biological roles in conception, pregnancy, and nursing, inherently...

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.

Migration

Migration

Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus) Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern

Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus) Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern

Published on: March 8, 2020

Turtle mating patterns buffer against disruptive effects of climate change.

Lucy I Wright¹, Kimberley L Stokes, Wayne J Fuller

¹Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences

|January 27, 2012

Summary

Climate warming threatens temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) species. In green turtles (Chelonia mydas), despite highly female-biased hatchling ratios, male mating patterns may mitigate population decline risks.

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Area of Science:

* Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
* Conservation Biology
* Climate Change Biology

Background:

* Temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) can lead to skewed offspring sex ratios.
* Climate warming exacerbates TSD-driven sex ratio biases, threatening populations with extinction.
* Marine turtles exhibit female-biased hatchling sex ratios, with future warming intensifying this trend.

Purpose of the Study:

* To investigate if offspring sex ratios in green turtles persist into adulthood.
* To determine if variation in male mating success impacts population dynamics.
* To assess the potential of male mating patterns to buffer climate change effects.

Main Methods:

* Parentage analysis was used to determine reproductive success in a green turtle rookery.
* Satellite tracking was employed to study male turtle movement patterns.
* Offspring sex ratios were analyzed in relation to adult mating success.

Main Results:

* Despite a 95% female hatchling sex ratio, at least 1.4 reproductive males existed per breeding female.
* Male green turtles exhibited shorter reproductive intervals and/or moved between female aggregations.
* Satellite tracking confirmed male turtles visiting multiple rookeries.

Conclusions:

* Male mating patterns in green turtles can buffer the impacts of climate change-induced sex ratio bias.
* These mating behaviors may mitigate the risk of population extinction.
* Conservation strategies should consider male reproductive strategies in threatened marine turtle populations.