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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

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Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R
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Semi-Automated Analysis of Peak Amplitude and Latency for Auditory Brainstem Response Waveforms Using R

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Novelty detection in the human auditory brainstem.

Lavinia Slabu1, Sabine Grimm, Carles Escera

  • 1Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior (IR3C), and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia-Spain.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|January 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human auditory brainstem detects sound changes early, as shown by the frequency-following response (FFR). This brainstem deviance detection complements earlier findings in the auditory cortex.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Psychoacoustics

Background:

  • Auditory deviance detection is linked to mismatch negativity (100-200 ms) in the auditory cortex.
  • Animal studies and human middle-latency AEPs suggest earlier (20-40 ms) deviance detection in lower auditory structures.
  • The role of the human auditory brainstem in deviance detection remains unconfirmed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate auditory brainstem involvement in deviance detection using the frequency-following response (FFR).
  • To determine if the human auditory brainstem can encode recent auditory regularities to identify novel events.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded auditory brainstem frequency-following responses (FFRs) to consonant-vowel stimuli (/ba/, /wa/) in young adults.
  • Utilized oddball and reversed oddball paradigms (deviant probability, p=0.2) to compare FFRs to stimuli in different contextual roles.
  • Included a control block with five equiprobable, rare sounds.

Main Results:

  • No significant effect was observed for the /wa/ syllable.
  • For the /ba/ syllable, a reduced brainstem FFR was found for deviant stimuli compared to standard stimuli.
  • This reduction was also observed when comparing deviant /ba/ stimuli to similar stimuli in the control block.

Conclusions:

  • The human auditory brainstem demonstrates deviance detection capabilities by encoding recent auditory regularities.
  • These findings support the existence of multiple anatomical and temporal scales for deviance detection in the human auditory system.
  • This study provides the first evidence for auditory brainstem involvement in human auditory deviance detection.