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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Published on: June 9, 2023

Three-gene molecular diagnostic model for thyroid cancer.

Nijaguna B Prasad1, Jeanne Kowalski, Hua-Ling Tsai

  • 1Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. nprasad1@jhmi.edu

Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association
|January 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

A new three-gene molecular model can help distinguish benign from malignant thyroid nodules when initial fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is indeterminate. This approach shows promise for improving clinical management of suspicious thyroid nodules.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Thyroid Cancer Research

Background:

  • Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is standard for preoperative diagnosis of thyroid nodules.
  • Up to 25% of FNA results are indeterminate, complicating clinical management decisions.
  • Molecular markers may improve the diagnostic accuracy of indeterminate thyroid FNA cytology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the utility of a previously identified set of molecular markers.
  • To assess the effectiveness of a three-gene model (HMGA2, MRC2, SFN) as an adjunct to FNA cytology for indeterminate thyroid nodules.

Main Methods:

  • Validated 14 molecular markers using immunohistochemistry (IHC) on 154 thyroid tumors.
  • Analyzed 95 FNA samples using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR).
  • Included 44 tumors (29%) with suspicious or indeterminate FNA cytology in the IHC analysis.

Main Results:

  • A three-gene model achieved high diagnostic accuracy: AUCs of ≥0.95 (80% sensitivity, 100% specificity) for IHC data.
  • The same model showed AUCs of ≥0.84 (71% sensitivity, 84% specificity) for QRT-PCR data from FNA samples.
  • These results demonstrate the model's effectiveness in distinguishing benign from malignant nodules.

Conclusions:

  • A three-gene molecular model is a feasible and promising tool for diagnosing indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • Implementing this model alongside cytology could significantly improve patient management for suspicious thyroid FNA results.