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Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Measuring Relative Insulin Secretion using a Co-Secreted Luciferase Surrogate
05:58

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Published on: June 25, 2019

Degludec: a novel basal insulin.

Sanjay Kalra1, Manash P Baruah, Asfandyar K Niazi

  • 1Bharti Hospital & BRIDE, Karnal, India. brideknl@gmail.com

Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery
|January 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Degludec offers potential advantages over older basal insulins for diabetes management. This review explores degludec

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Pharmacology
  • Diabetes Research

Background:

  • Conventional basal insulins (e.g., NPH) have limitations.
  • First-generation basal insulin analogs (glargine, detemir) also have shortcomings.
  • There is a need for improved basal insulin therapies in diabetes management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential advantages of degludec over existing basal insulins and analogs.
  • To discuss basic and clinical studies on degludec.
  • To highlight degludec's role in diabetes mellitus management and review related patents.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of degludec's basic and clinical studies.
  • Review of recent patents in basal insulin development.

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  • Comparative analysis of degludec with existing basal insulins.
  • Main Results:

    • Degludec demonstrates potential to overcome limitations of NPH, glargine, and detemir.
    • Early studies suggest favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles for degludec.
    • Patent review indicates ongoing innovation in basal insulin analog development.

    Conclusions:

    • Degludec represents a promising novel basal insulin analog.
    • Further clinical evaluation is warranted to establish its optimal role in diabetes care.
    • Innovations in basal insulin therapy, including degludec and related patents, are advancing diabetes management.