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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Hormones and Bone Tissue

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

Inflammation-associated changes in bone homeostasis.

Carina Scholtysek¹, Gerhard Krönke, Georg Schett

¹Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.

Inflammation & Allergy Drug Targets

|January 28, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bone homeostasis is tightly regulated by immune cells. This review explores how immune responses, particularly during chronic inflammation like Rheumatoid Arthritis, impact bone biology and turnover.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

Area of Science:

Immunology
Bone Biology
Osteoimmunology

Background:

Bone is a dynamic tissue crucial for structure, mineral storage, and housing the immune system.
Bone homeostasis relies on a balance between bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells.
The immune system critically influences bone health, especially during inflammatory conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing the interplay between the immune system and bone.
To highlight the role of cytokines and immune cells in osteoimmunology.
To discuss the effects of chronic inflammation on bone turnover.

Main Methods:

Literature review of osteoimmunology research.
Analysis of cellular and molecular pathways.
Synthesis of information on immune cells, cytokines, and bone cells.

Main Results:

The immune system significantly impacts bone remodeling and repair processes.
Specific cytokines and immune cells mediate the crosstalk between immunity and bone.
Chronic inflammation, exemplified by Rheumatoid Arthritis, leads to significant bone loss.

Conclusions:

Osteoimmunology is a critical field for understanding bone health and disease.
Immune dysregulation profoundly affects bone homeostasis, leading to pathologies.
Targeting immune pathways offers potential therapeutic strategies for bone diseases.