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Related Concept Videos

Structure of Cardiac Muscles01:13

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells are small and mostly have a single nucleus. Additionally, they are usually...
Specialized Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles01:27

Specialized Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles

The primary role of cardiac muscles is to propel blood throughout the cardiovascular system. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, exhibit specialized characteristics that allow them to perform this function.
Cardiac muscle cells are smaller than skeletal muscles, averaging 10–20 mm in diameter and 50–100 mm in length. However, they have large energy demands for continuous contraction and relaxation. This energy is almost exclusively derived from aerobic metabolism of energy reserves in...
Myocarditis I: Introduction01:21

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification01:25

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Isolation, Culture and Transduction of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes
08:42

Isolation, Culture and Transduction of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Published on: August 28, 2016

How cardiomyocytes make the heart old.

Zoltán Papp1, Dániel Czuriga, László Balogh

  • 1Division of Clinical Physiology, Institute of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary. pappz@med.unideb.hu

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
|January 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Aging hearts lose cardiomyocytes, and renewal cannot fully compensate. Cellular aging involves mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal overload, and protein changes, leading to reduced cardiovascular function.

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Simultaneous Isolation and Culture of Atrial Myocytes, Ventricular Myocytes, and Non-Myocytes from an Adult Mouse Heart
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Simultaneous Isolation and Culture of Atrial Myocytes, Ventricular Myocytes, and Non-Myocytes from an Adult Mouse Heart

Published on: June 14, 2020

Simultaneous Assessment of Cardiomyocyte DNA Synthesis and Ploidy: A Method to Assist Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Regeneration and Turnover
08:03

Simultaneous Assessment of Cardiomyocyte DNA Synthesis and Ploidy: A Method to Assist Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Regeneration and Turnover

Published on: May 23, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Isolation, Culture and Transduction of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes
08:42

Isolation, Culture and Transduction of Adult Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Published on: August 28, 2016

Simultaneous Isolation and Culture of Atrial Myocytes, Ventricular Myocytes, and Non-Myocytes from an Adult Mouse Heart
11:53

Simultaneous Isolation and Culture of Atrial Myocytes, Ventricular Myocytes, and Non-Myocytes from an Adult Mouse Heart

Published on: June 14, 2020

Simultaneous Assessment of Cardiomyocyte DNA Synthesis and Ploidy: A Method to Assist Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Regeneration and Turnover
08:03

Simultaneous Assessment of Cardiomyocyte DNA Synthesis and Ploidy: A Method to Assist Quantification of Cardiomyocyte Regeneration and Turnover

Published on: May 23, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Gerontology
  • Cellular Aging

Background:

  • Cardiovascular reserve naturally declines with age due to reduced cardiomyocyte numbers and impaired function.
  • While cardiomyocyte renewal occurs, it doesn't fully compensate for age-related loss, resulting in a ~33% reduction in cardiomyocyte count in aged hearts.
  • Aging affects both differentiated cardiomyocytes and cardiac progenitor cells, increasing apoptosis and decreasing proliferation/differentiation capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying age-dependent cardiac dysfunction.
  • To explore the role of mitochondrial-lysosomal interactions in cardiomyocyte aging.
  • To identify key molecular changes contributing to reduced cardiovascular reserve in aging.

Main Methods:

  • The study integrates existing research on cardiomyocyte aging, cell renewal, apoptosis, and mitochondrial/lysosomal function.
  • It postulates mechanistic links between cellular aging hallmarks and functional decline.
  • Focuses on molecular and cellular changes within cardiomyocytes.

Main Results:

  • Cardiomyocyte loss with aging is significant and not fully offset by renewal.
  • Accumulation of damaged mitochondria and overloaded lysosomes contributes to cellular 'garbage' and aging.
  • Telomere shortening, altered protein expression, and post-translational modifications impair cardiomyocyte function and excitation-contraction coupling.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiomyocyte aging is characterized by reduced cell number, impaired mitochondrial and lysosomal function, and molecular alterations.
  • These cellular changes directly contribute to the decline in mechanical function and overall cardiovascular reserve in aged individuals.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for addressing age-related cardiac decline.