Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model01:07

Structure of Benzene: Kekulé Model

In 1865, August Kekule suggested the structure of benzene according to the structural theory of organic chemistry based on the three assertions—formula of benzene is C6H6, all the hydrogens of benzene are equivalent, and each carbon must have four bonds due to its tetravalency.
He proposed that benzene has a cyclic structure of six carbon atoms attached to one hydrogen atom each, with three alternating pi bonds.
The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength02:18

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:
Protein-Drug Binding: Determination Methods01:22

Protein-Drug Binding: Determination Methods

Determining protein-drug binding can be achieved through indirect and direct methods, each providing valuable insights into the interaction between proteins and drugs.
Indirect methods involve isolating the bound drug from its free form in biological samples such as blood, serum, or plasma. These techniques aim to measure the percentage of drugs bound to proteins. Equilibrium dialysis is a commonly used method where the free drug concentration at equilibrium is measured by separating the bound...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives01:18

Directing and Steric Effects in Disubstituted Benzene Derivatives

When disubstituted benzenes undergo electrophilic substitution, the product distribution depends on the directing effect of both substituents. When the directing effects of both substituents reinforce each other, a single product is obtained. For example, bromination of p-nitrotoluene occurs ortho to the methyl group and meta to the nitro group, which is the same position, resulting in a single product. However, if the directing effects of the two groups oppose each other, the more strongly...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

OPTILATER: optimal long-term survival after cancer - a cross-sectional study protocol for a quantitative survey on the care situation of long-term cancer survivors in Germany.

BMC cancer·2025
Same author

Updating diabetic retinopathy screening lists using automatic extraction from GP patient records.

Journal of medical screening·2013
Same author

Agreement and reasons for disagreement between photographic and hospital biomicroscopy grading of diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association·2011
Same author

Development of assays for the detection of photomutagenicity of chemicals during exposure to UV light. II. Results of testing three sunscreen ingredients.

Mutagenesis·1992
Same author

Development of assays for the detection of photomutagenicity of chemicals during exposure to UV light--I. Assay development.

Mutagenesis·1991
Same author

Challenge is redefinition.

Health care strategic management·1990
Same journal

Correction to: Hypoxia-increased RAGE and P2X7R expression regulates tumor cell invasion through phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and Akt and nuclear translocation of NF-κB.

Carcinogenesis·2026
Same journal

Correction: Arenobufagin, a natural bufadienolide from toad venom, induces apoptosis and autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

Carcinogenesis·2026
Same journal

Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Major Context-Dependent Contributor to Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Carcinogenesis·2026
Same journal

TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 family members differentially modulate tumor initiation and invasiveness of primary liver cancer in a MMP14-dependent manner.

Carcinogenesis·2026
Same journal

MEK/ERK/RSK2 positive feedback loop modulates EMT to promote migration and invasion of triple-negative breast cancer through regulating GALNT5 mRNA stability.

Carcinogenesis·2026
Same journal

ADH1B-ALDH2 genotype combinations, Age-Related Risk, and Field Cancerization in Head and Neck and Upper GI Cancer Screening in 10,073 Alcohol-Dependent Men.

Carcinogenesis·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Determining Binding Affinity (KD) of Radiolabeled Antibodies to Immobilized Antigens
07:39

Determining Binding Affinity (KD) of Radiolabeled Antibodies to Immobilized Antigens

Published on: June 23, 2022

Studies on the macromolecular binding of benzidine.

C N Martin1, S F Ekers

  • 1Cancer Research Unit, University of York, Heslington, York Y01 5DD, UK.

Carcinogenesis
|January 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Benzidine exposure in rats binds to liver DNA, forming persistent adducts. These adducts, primarily involving deoxyguanosine, are detectable long-term, indicating potential genotoxicity.

More Related Videos

Quantifying the Binding Interactions Between Cu(II) and Peptide Residues in the Presence and Absence of Chromophores
11:38

Quantifying the Binding Interactions Between Cu(II) and Peptide Residues in the Presence and Absence of Chromophores

Published on: April 5, 2022

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library
10:17

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Published on: January 14, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Determining Binding Affinity (KD) of Radiolabeled Antibodies to Immobilized Antigens
07:39

Determining Binding Affinity (KD) of Radiolabeled Antibodies to Immobilized Antigens

Published on: June 23, 2022

Quantifying the Binding Interactions Between Cu(II) and Peptide Residues in the Presence and Absence of Chromophores
11:38

Quantifying the Binding Interactions Between Cu(II) and Peptide Residues in the Presence and Absence of Chromophores

Published on: April 5, 2022

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library
10:17

Creating Highly Specific Chemically Induced Protein Dimerization Systems by Stepwise Phage Selection of a Combinatorial Single-Domain Antibody Library

Published on: January 14, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Benzidine is a known carcinogen.
  • Understanding its interaction with DNA is crucial for assessing risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the binding of 3H Benzidine to rat liver DNA.
  • To characterize the resulting DNA adducts and their persistence.

Main Methods:

  • Intraperitoneal injection of 3H Benzidine into Wistar rats.
  • Isolation and enzymic digestion of liver DNA.
  • Chromatographic analysis (Sephadex LH20, HPLC) of DNA digests.

Main Results:

  • Persistent binding of benzidine to rat liver DNA was observed up to four weeks post-injection.
  • Enzymic digestion revealed five radioactive peaks, with the major peak suggesting a deoxyguanosine adduct formed via a nitrenium ion.
  • In vitro reactions and acid hydrolysis confirmed the formation of base adducts.

Conclusions:

  • Benzidine forms persistent DNA adducts in vivo, primarily with deoxyguanosine.
  • These findings highlight the genotoxic potential of benzidine.