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Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

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Induction of Diffuse Axonal Brain Injury in Rats Based on Rotational Acceleration
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Published on: May 9, 2020

Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury.

Victoria E Johnson1, William Stewart, Douglas H Smith

  • 1Penn Center for Brain Injury and Repair and Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.

Experimental Neurology
|January 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a common traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathology. This review covers DAI

Keywords:
AxonAxonal pathologyDAIDiffuse axonal InjuryHead injuryMicrotubuleNeurodegenerationRotational accelerationTBITraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pathology
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is a frequent and significant pathological finding in traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • Axons within the brain's white matter are particularly susceptible to mechanical forces during TBI.
  • DAI is present across all TBI severities and may be a primary factor in mild TBI (concussion).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of DAI.
  • To discuss DAI as a mechanical injury.
  • To explore the histopathological identification and pathogenesis of DAI following TBI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on DAI.
  • Analysis of histopathological findings in DAI.
  • Examination of acute and chronic pathogenesis following TBI.

Main Results:

  • DAI involves a range of abnormalities, from mechanical axonal damage to secondary physiological changes.
  • DAI can cause acute symptoms like loss of consciousness and long-term issues such as cognitive dysfunction.
  • Emerging evidence links TBI-induced axonal pathology to long-term neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease-like changes.

Conclusions:

  • DAI is a critical mechanical injury in TBI with diverse pathological manifestations.
  • Understanding DAI's acute and chronic effects is crucial for TBI management and research.
  • DAI may contribute to progressive neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology years after injury.