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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
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A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses

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HIV types, groups, subtypes and recombinant forms: errors in replication, selection pressure and quasispecies.

Josef Eberle1, Lutz Gürtler

  • 1Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.

Intervirology
|January 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diversity arises from zoonotic origins and extensive mutation within hosts. Genetic factors in both viruses and humans significantly influence HIV pathogenesis and clinical outcomes.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

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Published on: August 31, 2014

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Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Published on: October 16, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Genetics
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) originated from zoonotic transmission events from chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys, leading to HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in humans.
  • Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 have circulated in human populations for approximately 80 years, undergoing significant mutation and recombination.
  • Viral diversity is driven by host immune system pressure, superinfection, drug selection, and host genetic factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the origins and evolutionary dynamics of HIV diversity.
  • To investigate the roles of viral and human genetic factors in HIV pathogenesis.
  • To understand the impact of genetic diversity on geographic distribution and clinical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of viral genetic sequences to identify conserved regions and patterns of mutation.
  • Investigation of host genetic factors, including Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) and specific proteins, influencing viral evolution.
  • Review of existing literature on zoonotic origins and viral evolution.

Main Results:

  • HIV diversity results from zoonotic events, host immune selection, mutation, recombination, and drug pressure.
  • Essential parts of the HIV genome are highly conserved despite overall variability.
  • Specific viral proteins (Tat, Vif, Rev) and human genetic factors (APOBEC, CCR5, HLA variants) significantly influence pathogenesis and clinical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • HIV diversity is a complex interplay between viral evolution and host genetics.
  • Understanding these genetic factors is crucial for developing effective therapeutic and preventative strategies.
  • Host genetic factors like CCR5 and specific HLA types are associated with better clinical outcomes in HIV infection.