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Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is an electrochemical technique used to investigate the redox properties of a chemical species. It involves measuring the current response of an electrochemical cell as a function of the applied potential. The setup for cyclic voltammetry typically consists of a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode—all immersed in an electrolyte solution. The working electrode is where the redox reaction of interest occurs, while the reference electrode...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model
11:10

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Published on: May 23, 2018

Enhanced electrochromism in gyroid-structured vanadium pentoxide.

Maik R J Scherer1, Li Li, Pedro M S Cunha

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Manufacturing vanadium pentoxide (V(2)O(5)) in a 3D gyroid structure significantly enhances electrochromic performance. This breakthrough offers faster switching speeds and improved efficiency, promising advancements in energy storage and sensor technologies.

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In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

Published on: May 13, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Electrochromic materials are crucial for smart windows and displays.
  • Existing inorganic electrochromic materials face limitations in performance metrics like switching speed and coloration efficiency.
  • Nanostructuring offers a pathway to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of a 3D gyroid nanostructure on vanadium pentoxide (V(2)O(5)) electrochromic performance.
  • To compare the performance of structured V(2)O(5) with existing inorganic electrochromic materials.
  • To explore the potential applications of this nanostructuring approach beyond electrochromics.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of V(2)O(5) within a 3D periodic gyroid structure at the 10 nm length scale.
  • Characterization of electrochromic properties including switching speed, coloration contrast, and coloration efficiency.
  • Analysis of ion intercalation mechanisms within the gyroid morphology.

Main Results:

  • Significant enhancement in electrochromic performance was achieved.
  • The structured V(2)O(5) devices outperformed previous inorganic electrochromic materials in switching speed, coloration contrast, and efficiency.
  • An 85 ms switching speed was recorded, approaching video rates.

Conclusions:

  • Manufacturing V(2)O(5) in a 3D gyroid nanostructure is a highly effective strategy for improving electrochromic devices.
  • The enhanced ion intercalation facilitated by the gyroid morphology shows promise for applications in lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and sensors.
  • This nanostructuring approach is extendable to other transition-metal oxides for diverse applications.