Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Oral Wash PCR Improves the Diagnosis of Pneumocystis Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients Without HIV: A Prospective Multicenter Study.

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America·2026

Same author

Fosfomycin trometamol prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in male and female patients with urological comorbidities.

Infectious diseases (London, England)·2026

Same author

Inputs of robust observational studies on encephalitis: the game will never be over.

Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases·2026

Same author

Performance of the French national hospital discharge database algorithm to identify hospitalised Lyme borreliosis cases, France, 2017-2018.

BMC infectious diseases·2026

Same author

Management and follow-up of patients with infective endocarditis: an international cross-sectional survey.

Revista espanola de cardiologia (English ed.)·2026

Same author

High-speed trains versus air transport vectors for mass transfers of critically ill patients: The TRANSCOV cohort study.

PloS one·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

[Infectious encephalitis].

Jean-Paul Stahl¹, Pierre Tattevin

¹Maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Grenoble et université Grenoble-1, 38043 Grenoble Cedex. jpstahl@chu-grenoble.fr

La Revue Du Praticien

|February 1, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Infectious encephalitis, a severe brain disease, is often caused by herpes simplex virus type 1. While acyclovir improves survival, many patients face lasting neurological issues, necessitating early diagnosis and treatment for various causes.

More Related Videos

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Published on: June 2, 2022

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Published on: June 2, 2022

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Neuroimmunology

Context:

Infectious encephalitis presents a significant global health challenge with high mortality and long-term neurological deficits.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the most common identified cause, despite a substantial proportion of cases remaining unexplained.
Bacterial causes, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes, are prevalent in certain regions like France.

Purpose:

To review the etiology, diagnosis, and management of infectious encephalitis.
To highlight the impact of antiviral therapy on herpes simplex encephalitis outcomes.
To emphasize the importance of considering non-infectious mimics in encephalitis differential diagnosis.

Summary:

Herpes simplex virus type 1 encephalitis, though treatable with acyclovir, frequently results in persistent neuropsychological sequelae.
Bacterial infections, including tuberculosis and listeriosis, require prompt consideration and early treatment upon patient admission.
Autoimmune encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) can clinically resemble viral encephalitis, mandating inclusion in the differential diagnosis.

Impact:

Improved survival rates for herpes simplex encephalitis patients following the widespread use of acyclovir.
The need for early and accurate diagnosis to guide appropriate treatment strategies for diverse encephalitis etiologies.
Recognition of non-infectious conditions that mimic infectious encephalitis is crucial for effective patient management and improved outcomes.