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Atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes in Ghana
Jonathan N Hogarh1, Nobuyasu Seike, Yuso Kobara
1Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-7 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan.
Environmental Science & Technology
|February 1, 2012
Summary
Atmospheric polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were monitored nationwide in Ghana. Levels were unexpectedly high, especially in coastal areas, with lower chlorinated forms predominating.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Chemistry
- Atmospheric Science
- Toxicology
Background:
- Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a global concern.
- Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are industrial contaminants under international review.
- Limited data exists on atmospheric PCNs in West Africa.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct the first nationwide monitoring of atmospheric PCNs in Ghana.
- To identify sources and distribution patterns of PCNs.
- To assess potential dioxin-like toxicity.
Main Methods:
- Application of polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers (PAS).
- Nationwide air sampling across Ghana (May-July 2010).
- Analysis of PCN homologues, congeners, and estimation of toxicity.
Main Results:
- Average atmospheric PCN levels were high (49 ± 5.4 pg/m³), particularly in the coastal zone.
- Tri- and tetra-chlorinated naphthalenes dominated (approx. 90%), likely due to tropical volatilization.
- Northward increase in lower chlorinated PCNs suggests wind transport; PCN-45/36 identified as a potential marker for waste burning.
Conclusions:
- Ghana faces significant atmospheric PCN contamination, contrary to expectations.
- Open waste burning, industrial emissions, and harbor activities are potential sources.
- Findings highlight emerging non-agricultural organohalogen concerns in African nations.
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