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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

191
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
191
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
209
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
202
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

152
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
152
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

168
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
168
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

677
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)
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Pediatric headache: a clinical review.

Howard Jacobs1, Jack Gladstein

  • 1University of Maryland, Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Headache Clinic, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Headache
|February 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This review covers pediatric migraine, including its epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment options for both episodic and chronic forms. It discusses current and future therapeutic strategies for childhood headaches.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Neurology
  • Headache Medicine
  • Clinical Epidemiology

Background:

  • Migraine is a common neurological disorder in children and adolescents.
  • Accurate diagnosis and effective management are crucial for improving quality of life.
  • Understanding the epidemiology and classification aids in targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of pediatric migraine.
  • To detail diagnostic and treatment approaches for episodic and chronic migraine in children.
  • To explore current and future therapeutic modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epidemiological data.
  • Analysis of current diagnostic criteria and classification systems.
  • Synthesis of evidence for various treatment options.

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Main Results:

  • Detailed description of migraine epidemiology in pediatric populations.
  • Classification of episodic and chronic migraine in children.
  • Review of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments.
  • Discussion of emerging therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of pediatric migraine requires a thorough understanding of its characteristics.
  • A multimodal approach combining traditional and alternative therapies may be beneficial.
  • Future research holds promise for novel migraine treatments in children.