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Related Concept Videos

Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts01:26

Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts

The respiratory zone of the human body, which stands in contrast to the conducting zone, comprises the structures that actively participate in the exchange of gases. The initiation of this zone is marked by the terminal bronchioles converging into respiratory bronchioles, the tiniest bronchiole classification. The respiratory bronchioles give way to the alveolar ducts that opens into a congregation of alveoli. Actively involved in gas exchange, alveoli resemble tiny sacs similar to clusters of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Bronchoalveolar Lavage of Murine Lungs to Analyze Inflammatory Cell Infiltration
07:03

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Published on: May 4, 2017

Bronchoalveolar lavage cell pattern from healthy human lung.

M Heron1, J C Grutters, K M ten Dam-Molenkamp

  • 1Department of Pulmonology, Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|February 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell patterns vary by fluid origin. Age-adjusted CD4+/CD8+ ratios in BAL fluid are crucial for diagnosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD).

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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
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Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
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Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield

Published on: March 24, 2014

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Bronchoalveolar Lavage of Murine Lungs to Analyze Inflammatory Cell Infiltration
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Bronchoalveolar Lavage of Murine Lungs to Analyze Inflammatory Cell Infiltration

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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

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Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield
11:47

Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) for Research; Obtaining Adequate Sample Yield

Published on: March 24, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is essential for diagnosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD).
  • Understanding normal BAL fluid cell differentials is key for accurate ILD diagnosis.
  • Factors like lavage origin, atopy, smoking, and age may influence BAL cell patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish reference intervals for BAL fluid differential cell counts in healthy individuals.
  • Investigate the influence of lavage origin (bronchial vs. alveolar), atopy, smoking status, and age on BAL cell patterns.
  • Evaluate the utility of age-corrected BAL fluid CD4+/CD8+ ratios for ILD diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Performed bronchoalveolar lavage on 55 healthy subjects (age 18-64, smokers/non-smokers).
  • Determined differential cell counts and lymphocyte subsets in BAL fluid and blood.
  • Measured regulatory T cell (FoxP3) and activation markers in a subgroup of non-smokers.

Main Results:

  • Alveolar lavage cell counts significantly differed from pooled fractions.
  • Atopy showed only marginal differences in BAL cell counts.
  • The BAL fluid CD4+/CD8+ ratio strongly correlated with age (r² = 0.50, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

  • Bronchial and alveolar lavage fractions represent distinct compartments.
  • Analysis of the alveolar fraction is recommended for ILD diagnostic work-up.
  • Age-corrected BAL fluid CD4+/CD8+ ratios should aid in clinical ILD evaluation.