Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors are of three kinds RI, RII, and RIII. The RI...
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

An accessible instrument for measuring soft material mechanical properties.

The Review of scientific instruments·2025
Same author

Budget impact of next-generation sequencing for diagnosis of TB drug resistance in Moldova.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2022
Same author

Current intraoperative storage and handling practices of autologous bypass conduit: A survey of the royal australasian college of surgeons.

Frontiers in surgery·2022
Same author

The impact of COVID-19 on TB: a review of the data.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2021
Same author

Laboratory costs of diagnosing TB in a high multidrug-resistant TB setting.

The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease·2021
Same author

Narrative enhancement and cognitive therapy (NECT) to improve social functioning in people with serious mental illness: study protocol for a stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial.

Trials·2021
Same journal

Effects of family genetic risk scores and environmental factors on risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Mitochondrial-inflammation crosstalk in major depressive disorder: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Copy number variant scores are associated with cerebrovascular pathology in aging.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Opposite molecular sex correlations in tauopathy paralleled by motor and cognitive efficacy of davunetide in women.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Identification of hub genes involved in early-onset schizophrenia: from genetic susceptibility to predicted regulated gene expression.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
Same journal

Exercise-induced brain changes in cannabis use disorder: a longitudinal MRI study of a 12-week supervised HIIT program.

Molecular psychiatry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
06:54

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

Antipsychotics activate the TGFβ pathway effector SMAD3.

T Cohen1, S Sundaresh, F Levine

  • 1Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Molecular Psychiatry
|February 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antipsychotics activate SMAD3, a key pathway, potentially causing metabolic side effects. New drug designs could target this pathway to avoid these harmful effects while maintaining CNS benefits.

More Related Videos

Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay
11:38

Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay

Published on: September 14, 2021

Analysis of the c-KIT Ligand Promoter Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
09:40

Analysis of the c-KIT Ligand Promoter Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Published on: June 27, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells
06:54

Studying TGF-β Signaling and TGF-β-induced Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer and Normal Cells

Published on: October 27, 2020

Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay
11:38

Visualization and Quantification of TGFβ/BMP/SMAD Signaling under Different Fluid Shear Stress Conditions using Proximity-Ligation-Assay

Published on: September 14, 2021

Analysis of the c-KIT Ligand Promoter Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
09:40

Analysis of the c-KIT Ligand Promoter Using Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Published on: June 27, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Endocrinology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Antipsychotics treat neurological disorders but cause metabolic side effects.
  • Previous research identified phenothiazines modulating the human insulin promoter.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate diverse antipsychotics' effects on the insulin promoter.
  • Identify molecular pathways linking antipsychotics to metabolic changes.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput screening of antipsychotics.
  • Analysis of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway.
  • SMAD3 activation assays.
  • Reanalysis of human brain gene expression data.

Main Results:

  • Diverse antipsychotics, including atypical ones, modulated the insulin promoter.
  • The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway, specifically SMAD3 activation, was identified as a key mediator.
  • Antipsychotics activated SMAD3 via a novel receptor, independent of TGFβ receptors or known neurotransmitter targets.
  • Antipsychotics lacking metabolic side effects did not activate SMAD3.
  • In vivo data confirmed altered expression of SMAD3-responsive genes in antipsychotic-treated human brains.

Conclusions:

  • Antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects are linked to SMAD3 activation.
  • Targeting the SMAD3 pathway offers a potential strategy for developing safer antipsychotics.
  • Future antipsychotic drug design could mitigate metabolic adverse effects while preserving therapeutic efficacy.