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Updated: May 25, 2026

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
Published on: May 4, 2020
Invited commentary: complexities in evaluating neurobiological models for stress resistance
1Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Clinical Neurosciences Division, National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, VA Medical Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
Abstract:
Professors Salmon and Stanford are to be commended for their efforts in drawing attention to noradrenergic contributions to stress resistance and the potential importance of within-subject patterns of stress response. In commenting on their paper, I would like to develop the following points: (1) self-control over stress exposure strongly influences the noradrenergic response to stress; (2) β-receptor regulation may reflect a lower sensitivity to stress under a carefully specified range of conditions; and (3) genetic and environmental factors may interact in a complex fashion that may not fit simple linear models based on β-receptor function.
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