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Related Concept Videos

Normal Strain under Axial Loading01:20

Normal Strain under Axial Loading

Normal strain under axial loading is an important concept in the field of mechanics of materials. Axial loading implies the application of a force along the axis of a material, like a column or bar. This force can either compress or stretch the material. In the context of axial loading, normal strain is the deformation experienced by the material in the direction of the loading force. It's calculated as the change in length divided by the original length of the material. This unitless ratio...
Strain and Elastic Modulus01:15

Strain and Elastic Modulus

The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete01:16

Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete

The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
The sonic test is a common method to determine the dynamic modulus. In this test, a concrete beam, sized either 6 x 6 x 30 inches or 4 x 4 x 20 inches, is clamped at its center. Vibrations are initiated at one end of the beam by an electromagnetic exciter unit powered by a...
Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
Hooke's Law01:26

Hooke's Law

Hooke's law, a pivotal principle in material science, establishes that the strain a material undergoes is directly proportional to the applied stress, defined by a factor called the modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus.
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading01:12

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
Consider a member subjected to equal and opposite forces that are applied along a line that does not coincide with the member's neutral axis. In unsymmetrical bending,...

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Measurement of Compressive Stress-Strain Response at Small-Strains
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Young's modulus repeatability assessment using cycling compression loading on cancellous bone.

S Guérard1, Y Chevalier, H Moreschi

  • 1Arts et Metiers ParisTech, LBM, Paris, France. sandra.guerard@ensam.eu

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine
|February 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed a reliable method for measuring the Young's modulus of human cancellous bone. The new protocol offers precise, repeatable results for bone mechanical properties, aiding in damage assessment.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Biomechanics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Precise measurement of the Young's modulus in cancellous bone is crucial for various applications.
  • Existing measurement techniques often lack detailed information on measurement variability.
  • Understanding bone mechanical properties is vital for diagnosing and monitoring bone conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the repeatability of Young's modulus measurements using a novel uniaxial cyclic compression protocol.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of this protocol on embedded human cancellous bone specimens.
  • To establish a reliable method for determining bone mechanical properties with minimal variability.

Main Methods:

  • Twelve human calcanei specimens were defatted, with 1-2 mm ends embedded in epoxy resin.
  • A uniaxial cyclic compression protocol was applied, involving 20 cycles between 0.2% and 0.6% strain at 2 Hz.
  • The coefficient of variation was calculated to assess measurement repeatability.

Main Results:

  • The developed protocol demonstrated a low coefficient of variation of 1.2%, indicating high repeatability.
  • This method's variability is comparable to the established end-cap technique.
  • The protocol is suitable for porous specimens, including human bone, and minimizes end-artifact variability.

Conclusions:

  • The uniaxial cyclic compression protocol provides a precise and repeatable method for measuring the Young's modulus of human cancellous bone.
  • This technique is compatible with non-invasive methods like ultrasound, enabling combined assessments.
  • The protocol facilitates potential applications in monitoring bone damage through Young's modulus tracking.