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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Cellular Adaptation IV: Dysplasia and Metaplasia01:24

Cellular Adaptation IV: Dysplasia and Metaplasia

DysplasiaDysplasia refers to abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells, characterized by pleomorphism, nuclear abnormalities, and increased mitotic activity. It commonly affects epithelial tissues, including the cervix, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory mucosa, and endometrium. Although it may occur alongside hyperplasia, dysplasia is not a true adaptive response but a preneoplastic change with potential to progress to cancer.When confined above the basement...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Parathyroid carcinoma: increasing incidence and changing presentation.

Sebastian Brown1, Christine O'Neill, James Suliburk

  • 1University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.

ANZ Journal of Surgery
|February 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Parathyroid carcinoma, once rare, shows a recent dramatic increase in presentations. This study investigated the changing incidence and presentation of this rare endocrine malignancy.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine malignancy, accounting for less than 1% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases.
  • Recent anecdotal reports suggest an increasing incidence of parathyroid carcinoma.
  • This study aimed to analyze trends in parathyroid cancer incidence and presentation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the changing incidence of parathyroid carcinoma over a 52-year period.
  • To evaluate any shifts in the presentation demographics and clinical features of parathyroid cancer.
  • To explore potential factors contributing to observed changes in parathyroid cancer rates.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case series.
  • Data collected from the University of Sydney Endocrine Surgical Unit database (1958-2010).
  • Independent review of all pathology records.

Main Results:

  • Twenty-one cases of parathyroid cancer were confirmed over 52 years.
  • A significant increase in presentations occurred, with most cases (11) in the last 5 years compared to the first 30 years (3 cases).
  • No significant differences in patient demographics or presentation methods were observed despite the increased incidence.

Conclusions:

  • The dramatic increase in parathyroid cancer may be attributed to several factors.
  • Potential reasons include increased screening, greater referrals for parathyroid surgery due to minimally invasive techniques, and advancements in diagnostic methods like immunohistochemistry for parafibromin and PGP9.5.
  • A true increase in the incidence of parathyroid carcinoma cannot be ruled out.