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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3
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Published on: December 27, 2010

Viral tropism by geno2pheno as a tool for predicting CD4 decrease in HIV-1-infected naive patients with high CD4

Silvia Nozza1, Filippo Canducci, Laura Galli

  • 1San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. silvia.nozza@hsr.it

The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
|February 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Viral tropism, determined by genotypic testing, predicts CD4 cell depletion in HIV-infected patients. Non-R5 tropism is a key indicator of CD4 decline, even with high CD4 counts.

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Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies

Published on: January 7, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection leads to CD4+ T-cell depletion, compromising immune function.
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for managing HIV, but treatment decisions can be influenced by viral characteristics.
  • Viral tropism, the coreceptor tropism of the HIV envelope, plays a role in viral entry and pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the predictive value of viral tropism for CD4+ T-cell depletion in HIV-infected, antiretroviral-naive individuals with high baseline CD4 counts.
  • To identify predictors of CD4+ T-cell decline prior to ART initiation.

Main Methods:

  • Genotypic tropism testing (geno2pheno) was performed on stored plasma samples from 223 HIV-infected, ART-naive patients with CD4 counts ≥350 cells/μL.
  • CD4+ T-cell counts and HIV-RNA levels were monitored, and a mixed linear model was used to analyze predictors of CD4+ T-cell decline.

Main Results:

  • A total of 223 subjects were analyzed, with a median follow-up of 16.4 months.
  • Non-R5 viral tropism was identified in 14% of subjects and was significantly associated with a greater mean CD4+ T-cell decrease (-159.9 cells/μL, P = 0.0002).
  • Other predictors of CD4+ T-cell decline included female gender, older age, intravenous drug use, longer follow-up, and higher baseline CD4+ T-cell and HIV-RNA levels.

Conclusions:

  • Non-R5 viral tropism, as determined by geno2pheno, is an independent predictor of CD4+ T-cell decrease in HIV-infected patients with CD4 counts ≥350 cells/μL.
  • These findings highlight the importance of assessing viral tropism for predicting disease progression in specific HIV patient populations.
  • Understanding tropism's role can inform early treatment strategies and patient management.