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Related Concept Videos

Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...
Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

Physiological Control of Respiration

Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
Regulation of Ventilation
The body maintains ventilation by monitoring levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in the arterial blood. Among these factors, the level of CO2 plays a crucial...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices
13:32

Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices

Published on: January 14, 2014

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.

J T Sylvester1, Larissa A Shimoda, Philip I Aaronson

  • 1Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School ofMedicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. jsylv@jhmi.edu

Physiological Reviews
|February 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) involves lung smooth muscle cells sensing and responding to low oxygen. This review clarifies HPV

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Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices
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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Physiology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Alveolar hypoxia has been known to cause pulmonary vasoconstriction for over a century.
  • Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells are established as the key sites for sensing, transducing, and executing hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying HPV.
  • To elucidate how extrinsic cellular influences modulate intrinsic HPV mechanisms.
  • To correlate cellular findings with HPV in more complex physiological preparations and pathological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cellular and molecular studies on HPV mechanisms.
  • Integration of data from isolated cells, pulmonary vessels, and intact lungs.
  • Evaluation of evidence linking HPV to physiological and pathophysiological states.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of intrinsic sensor, transduction, and effector pathways within pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells.
  • Analysis of modulatory roles of surrounding cells on HPV.
  • Correlation of cellular mechanisms with HPV responses in intact lung preparations.

Conclusions:

  • Significant advancements have been made in understanding the cellular and molecular basis of HPV.
  • The interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic factors is crucial for HPV expression in vivo.
  • Further research is needed to resolve remaining uncertainties regarding HPV's role in various physiological and pathological contexts.