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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
13:04

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication

Published on: June 26, 2014

HCV: Written in our DNA.

Darja Kanduc1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Bari; Bari, Italy.

Self/Nonself
|February 3, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) shares many peptides with humans, with few unique motifs. Genetic analysis reveals these unique viral peptides are present in the human genome, suggesting caution for DNA-based vaccines and highlighting peptide uniqueness for immunotherapies.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

A Protocol for Analyzing Hepatitis C Virus Replication
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16:49

Two Methods of Heterokaryon Formation to Discover HCV Restriction Factors

Published on: July 16, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Hepatitis C virus (HCV) poses a significant global health challenge.
  • Understanding viral-human sequence similarity is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sequence similarity between HCV polyprotein and human proteins.
  • To identify viral motifs unique to HCV and assess their genetic basis.
  • To inform the design of anti-HCV immunotherapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Pentapeptide matching to compare HCV and human proteomes.
  • BLAST analysis of unique HCV-derived oligodeoxynucleotide sequences against the human genome.

Main Results:

  • A high degree of peptide sharing was observed between HCV and human proteins.
  • Only 7.11% of identified motifs were unique to HCV.
  • Unique HCV peptides were found to be present in non-coding regions of the human genome, rendering them untranslatable.

Conclusions:

  • The genetic similarity between HCV and human sequences challenges the concept of HCV as entirely 'non-self'.
  • DNA-based vaccines for HCV may face limitations due to cross-reactivity with human genomic sequences.
  • Peptide uniqueness is a critical factor for designing targeted and effective anti-HCV immunotherapies.