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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...

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Updated: May 25, 2026

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)
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Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)

Published on: March 25, 2016

Perspectives on immunomodulation early in life.

Susanne C Diesner1, Elisabeth Förster-Waldl, Ana Olivera

  • 1Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
|February 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Early life immune responses are immature, increasing susceptibility to infections and allergies. Immunomodulation using Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and sphingolipids shows promise for future early-life interventions.

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Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
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Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation

Published on: June 24, 2025

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)
07:13

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)

Published on: March 25, 2016

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
09:07

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation

Published on: June 24, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Allergy and Immunology

Background:

  • Neonatal immune systems exhibit immature immune cell activation and function, with a dominance of Th2 cytokines.
  • These immature immune responses, influenced by genetics and epigenetics, increase newborn vulnerability to severe infections and allergic conditions.
  • Immunomodulation therapy presents a potential therapeutic strategy for these disorders, with implications for future early-life interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of immunomodulatory substance classes, specifically Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and sphingolipids, in addressing early-life immune immaturity.
  • To explore how TLR ligands and sphingolipids can modulate and balance immune responses in newborns.
  • To highlight the significance of these substances for future early-life interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research on Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands as immunomodulators.
  • Review of current research on sphingolipids as immunomodulators.
  • Analysis of the distribution and function of TLRs and sphingolipid receptors on immune cells.

Main Results:

  • Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and sphingolipids are key areas of research for immunomodulation.
  • TLRs and sphingolipid receptors possess distinct distribution patterns and functions on immune cells.
  • These molecules have the potential to modulate and balance immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Immunomodulation using TLR ligands and sphingolipids offers a promising therapeutic avenue for early-life immune disorders.
  • Targeting TLRs and sphingolipid pathways may help mitigate susceptibility to infections and allergies in newborns.
  • Further research into these immunomodulatory substances could lead to significant advancements in early-life interventions.