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Related Concept Videos

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification01:26

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management01:20

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy
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Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

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Cytokine pathways in allergic disease.

Cara M M Williams1, Saifur Rahman, Cedric Hubeau

  • 1Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA. cara.williams@pfizer.com

Toxicologic Pathology
|February 4, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Cytokines are key in allergic diseases, but traditional targets like Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-5 (IL-5) show limited success. Exploring novel cytokine networks is crucial for understanding and treating complex allergic conditions.

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11:00

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Published on: November 9, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergy Research
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Cytokines mediate allergic inflammation, leukocyte recruitment, and tissue remodeling.
  • Th2 cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-5) are prominent in allergic asthma, but clinical efficacy of their inhibitors is limited.
  • Allergic disease complexity and heterogeneity necessitate exploring additional cytokine networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the roles of novel cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-33, IL-25, and IL-9.
  • To clarify nonredundant functions of IL-4 and IL-13 in allergic pathogenesis.
  • To emphasize the importance of characterizing diverse cytokine networks for therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Review and discussion of existing literature on cytokine functions in allergic diseases.
  • Analysis of how different allergic triggers influence cytokine profiles (e.g., Th2/Th1/Th17 balance).
  • Exploration of molecular mimicry, such as Der p 2 mimicking MD-2 to activate Toll-like receptor-4.

Main Results:

  • Th2 cytokines are important but insufficient to explain all allergic pathology.
  • Novel cytokines like TSLP, IL-33, IL-25, and IL-9 play significant, potentially nonredundant roles.
  • Allergen-specific interactions (e.g., Der p 2 with TLR-4) can activate innate inflammatory pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding complex cytokine networks beyond IL-4 and IL-5 is essential for unraveling allergic disease mechanisms.
  • Targeting novel cytokines and their interactions may offer new therapeutic strategies.
  • Continued research into cytokine functions is critical for advancing allergic disease treatment.