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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
Interaction domains recognize exposed features of their binding partners containing post-translationally modified sequences,...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...

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Quantification of Bacterial Histidine Kinase Autophosphorylation Using a Nitrocellulose Binding Assay
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Two-component signaling elements and histidyl-aspartyl phosphorelays.

G Eric Schaller, Joseph J Kieber, Shin-Han Shiu

    The Arabidopsis Book
    |February 4, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study overviews Arabidopsis two-component signaling elements, crucial for plant hormone responses and development. It details histidine kinases, response regulators, and phosphotransfer proteins involved in signal transduction.

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    Area of Science:

    • Plant molecular biology
    • Signal transduction pathways
    • Genomics and bioinformatics

    Background:

    • Two-component systems are ancient signal transduction mechanisms involving histidine kinases and response regulators.
    • These systems regulate diverse plant processes, including responses to hormones like cytokinin and ethylene, abiotic stresses, and light.
    • Arabidopsis thaliana utilizes two-component signaling for growth, development, and environmental responses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive overview of two-component signaling elements in Arabidopsis.
    • To present functional and phylogenetic information on both canonical and divergent elements.
    • To consolidate current knowledge on plant two-component signal transduction.

    Main Methods:

    • Bioinformatic analysis of two-component signaling elements in the Arabidopsis genome.
    • Phylogenetic analysis to infer evolutionary relationships.
    • Literature review of functional studies on Arabidopsis two-component systems.

    Main Results:

    • Identification and characterization of bona-fide and divergent two-component signaling elements in Arabidopsis.
    • Detailed functional roles in cytokinin signaling, ethylene response, stress, and development.
    • Phylogenetic insights into the evolution of these signaling components.

    Conclusions:

    • Arabidopsis possesses a complex network of two-component signaling elements essential for plant life.
    • Understanding these systems is key to deciphering plant responses to various stimuli.
    • This overview serves as a foundational resource for future research in plant signal transduction.