Coordination profiles of the expert field hockey drive according to field roles

The aim of this study was to determine coordination profiles for the field hockey drive. Nine elite female players performed five drives each. They were asked to primarily maximize ball placement accuracy, and secondly to drive with high velocity. An optical motion capture system recorded the displacement of six markers on the joints of the players' arms as they performed the drives, and a radar gun measured the ball velocity after impact. Spatial, temporal, and velocity variables were then established. Discrete relative phases were also established at ball impact to examine medio-lateral and proximo-distal upper-arms coordination. The high standard deviation values in joint kinematics were indicative of inter-individual variability, i.e. several drive solutions. Cluster analysis was thus used and two profiles among the players were identified. For the two profiles, the global coordination pattern of movement (upper-arm coordination) was in-phase for the right arm, and out-of-phase for the left lead arm, suggesting a segmental sequencing. However, differences were noted on local kinematic parameters which led to the following categorization: the 'strong group' for defenders and the 'temporal-effectiveness group' for midfielders and forwards. The results support the value of individual analysis to better interpret and contrast the distinct roles of expert players.