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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...

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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Spin-orbit coupled weakly interacting Bose-Einstein condensates in harmonic traps.

Hui Hu1, B Ramachandhran, Han Pu

  • 1ACQAO and Centre for Atom Optics and Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia.

Physical Review Letters
|February 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

We theoretically explore spin-orbit coupled Bose gases in 2D traps. Quantum states with Skyrmion lattice patterns emerge, preserving specific symmetries, and are observable in Rubidium-87 atom experiments.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

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Published on: March 30, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Atomic physics
  • Condensed matter theory

Background:

  • Spin-orbit coupling is crucial in ultracold atomic gases.
  • Two-dimensional harmonic traps provide a platform for studying quantum phenomena.
  • Understanding phase diagrams reveals emergent behaviors in quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically investigate the phase diagram of a spin-orbit coupled Bose gas.
  • To identify emergent quantum states and their symmetries.
  • To propose experimental observations in specific atomic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of a spin-orbit coupled Bose gas.
  • Investigation of single-particle spectra in 2D harmonic traps.
  • Analysis of quantum state symmetries and lattice patterns.

Main Results:

  • Strong spin-orbit coupling leads to spectral decomposition.
  • Quantum states with Skyrmion lattice patterns emerge spontaneously.
  • These phases exhibit parity or combined parity-time-reversal symmetry.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals novel quantum phases in spin-orbit coupled Bose gases.
  • Skyrmion lattice patterns represent a key emergent phenomenon.
  • These predicted phases are experimentally observable in Rubidium-87 atoms.