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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order structures.
Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order structures.
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

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Updated: May 25, 2026

Chromatin Extraction from Frozen Chimeric Liver Tissue for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Analysis
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Modelling chromatin structure and dynamics: status and prospects.

Nikolay Korolev1, Yanping Fan, Alexander P Lyubartsev

  • 1Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|February 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Chromatin packaging requires nucleosome interactions for DNA compaction while maintaining dynamic accessibility. This review covers coarse-grained models and electrostatic interactions in chromatin modeling.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic DNA is packaged into chromatin, requiring extensive compaction within the nucleus.
  • Nucleosome-nucleosome interactions are crucial for overcoming DNA repulsion and achieving higher-order structures.
  • Dynamic accessibility of DNA is essential for cellular machinery functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of chromatin modeling.
  • To emphasize coarse-grained computer simulation models.
  • To discuss the role of electrostatic interactions and future perspectives.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on chromatin modeling.
  • Focus on coarse-grained computer simulations.
  • Analysis of electrostatic interactions in nucleosome assembly.

Main Results:

  • Recent experimental advances in chromatin fiber characterization have spurred theoretical modeling efforts.
  • Coarse-grained models offer a powerful approach to understanding chromatin structure and dynamics.
  • Electrostatic interactions play a significant role in nucleosome organization.

Conclusions:

  • Theoretical modeling, particularly coarse-grained simulations, is vital for understanding chromatin structure and dynamics.
  • Further research is needed to refine models and elucidate the precise role of electrostatic forces.
  • Integrating experimental and computational approaches will advance the field of chromatin biology.