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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Pituitary incidentaloma.

Israel B Orija1, Robert J Weil, Amir H Hamrahian

  • 1Department of Medicine, Endocrine section, Atlanta Medical Center, Atlanta GA, USA.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
|February 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pituitary incidentalomas (PIs) are common. Microincidentalomas (<1 cm) usually require limited testing, while macroincidentalomas (≥1 cm) need thorough evaluation for hormonal deficiencies and visual defects.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Pituitary incidentalomas (PIs) are frequently discovered.
  • Most PIs are small (<1 cm) and non-functional adenomas.
  • Identification can reveal underlying hormonal imbalances or visual issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic and management strategies for PIs.
  • To differentiate follow-up protocols for micro- and macroincidentalomas.
  • To address challenges in PI management, including headache association.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical practice and literature for PI management.
  • Biochemical workup recommendations for asymptomatic microincidentalomas (prolactin, IGF-1).
  • Evaluation guidelines for macroincidentalomas (hypopituitarism, visual fields).

Main Results:

  • Microincidentalomas often require minimal follow-up unless symptomatic.
  • Macroincidentalomas necessitate closer monitoring due to growth potential.
  • Surgical intervention is reserved for specific cases like functional tumors or chiasmal compression.

Conclusions:

  • Tailored biochemical testing is appropriate for asymptomatic microincidentalomas.
  • Macroincidentalomas require comprehensive evaluation and potentially aggressive follow-up.
  • Management strategies for PIs vary based on size, function, and clinical presentation.