Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

Conservation of Small Populations

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less likely to...

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Human-Origin Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses Revealed in Swine Farms During the Period 2022-2025 in Kazakhstan.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2026

Same author

Surveillance of Seasonal Influenza Viruses in Kazakhstan (2020-2025).

Viruses·2026

Same author

Rapid expansion of genotype D1.1 A(H5N1) influenza viruses in wild birds across North America during the 2024 migratory season.

Nature medicine·2026

Same author

Birth imprinting effects on the antibody responses of H7N9 patients from 2013-2018 in China.

Communications medicine·2026

Same author

Integrated drivers of basal and acute immunity in diverse human populations.

Cell reports. Medicine·2026

Same author

Receptor-binding specificity and antigenic properties of a genotype D1.1 A(H5N1) influenza virus isolated from a human.

Emerging microbes & infections·2026

Same journal

Detection of and Early Genomic Insights into Chikungunya Virus, Bolivia, 2025.

Emerging infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Household Transmission of Enterovirus D68, Washington and Oregon, United States, 2022-2024.

Emerging infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

New World Ocular Dirofilariasis Caused by Dirofilaria repens Infection, United States.

Emerging infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Angiostrongylus cantonensis Rat Lungworm Detected in Rats, Madagascar, 2022-2023.

Emerging infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Human Pulmonary Dirofilariasis, North Queensland, Australia, 2023<sup>1</sup>.

Emerging infectious diseases·2026

Same journal

Trends in Congenital Syphilis Cases by Maternal Country of Birth, Spain, 2016-2024.

Emerging infectious diseases·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

Published on: May 1, 2016

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in captive cheetah.

Beate Crossley¹, Sharon Hietala, Tania Hunt

¹California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California 96616, USA. bcrossle@cahfs.ucdavis.edu

Emerging Infectious Diseases

|February 7, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus was isolated from a cheetah and used to infect ferrets. This study highlights the risk of reverse zoonotic transmission and its implications for animal and human health.

More Related Videos

Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology

Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology

Published on: August 18, 2023

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

Published on: June 24, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

Published on: May 1, 2016

Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology

Whole Genome Sequencing for Rapid Characterization of Rabies Virus Using Nanopore Technology

Published on: August 18, 2023

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

COVID-19 Seroprevalence Test for IgG Antibody Levels Among Healthy Donors Across Different Pandemic Phases in Jeddah

Published on: June 24, 2025

Area of Science:

Veterinary Virology
Infectious Diseases
Comparative Pathology

Background:

The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus (A(H1N1)pdm09) caused a global outbreak in humans.
Understanding the host range and transmission dynamics of A(H1N1)pdm09 is crucial for public health.
Ferrets are a valuable model for studying influenza virus infections due to their susceptibility.

Observation:

A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was successfully isolated from a clinically ill captive cheetah with minimal human contact.
Experimental inoculation of ferrets with this cheetah-derived virus resulted in observable clinical pathology.
Full genome sequence analysis confirmed the identity and characteristics of the isolated virus.

Findings:

The study successfully isolated and characterized the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus from a non-human source.
Ferrets experimentally infected with the cheetah-derived virus exhibited pathological changes consistent with influenza infection.
Evidence suggests that fomites can play a role in the reverse zoonotic transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09.

Implications:

This research underscores the potential for A(H1N1)pdm09 to infect and cause illness in non-human animals.
The findings highlight the risk of reverse zoonotic transmission from animals to humans, potentially through contaminated environments (fomites).
Understanding these transmission pathways is vital for developing effective strategies to control influenza spread and protect both animal and human health.