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How to Create Conditioned Taste Aversion for Grazing Ground Covers in Woody Crops with Small Ruminants

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Lesson from the farm environment.

Anna Lluis¹, Bianca Schaub

¹Department of Pulmonary & Allergy, University Children's Hospital Munich, LMU, Munich, Germany.

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology

|February 7, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Early farm exposure, particularly in utero, protects against atopic diseases. Microbial and farm-specific exposures, like farm milk, modulate the immune system for long-lasting allergy prevention.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Environmental Health
Epidemiology

Background:

Population studies show farm environments protect against atopic diseases.
Novel insights into allergy-protective mechanisms are emerging.
This review synthesizes immune mechanisms behind the 'farm effect'.

Purpose of the Study:

To review consistent and novel immune mechanisms of the 'farm effect' on atopic disease development.
To explore the role of microbial exposure and farm-specific components.
To investigate the impact of early-life exposure and gene-environment interactions.

Main Methods:

Literature review of population-based studies.
Analysis of immune mechanisms related to farm environments.
Examination of gene-environment interactions (e.g., GRM1 polymorphisms).

Main Results:

The 'farm effect' is linked to microbial diversity and specificity.
Farm milk components and grass arabinogalactan are key factors.
Early-life (in utero) exposure shows stronger protective effects, involving epigenetic changes.
The protective effect persists into adulthood.
GRM1 gene polymorphisms interact with farming for asthma risk.

Conclusions:

Microbial exposure and farm components (milk, grass) early in life modulate immunity towards Th1/Treg predominance.
This immune modulation leads to a sustained lower risk of atopic diseases.
The 'farm effect' highlights the importance of early environmental exposures for immune development.