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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
10:25

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: January 23, 2018

Human cerebral cortex development from pluripotent stem cells to functional excitatory synapses.

Yichen Shi1, Peter Kirwan, James Smith

  • 1Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Nature Neuroscience
|February 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Scientists developed a new method to grow human cerebral cortex from pluripotent stem cells. This breakthrough allows studying brain development and modeling neurological diseases using patient-specific brain networks.

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Synaptic Microcircuit Modeling with 3D Cocultures of Astrocytes and Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

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2D and 3D Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Models to Dissect Primary Cilium Involvement during Neocortical Development

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Synaptic Microcircuit Modeling with 3D Cocultures of Astrocytes and Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
08:48

Synaptic Microcircuit Modeling with 3D Cocultures of Astrocytes and Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: August 16, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Studying human cerebral cortex development and function in health and disease is challenging due to limited model systems.
  • Existing models often do not fully recapitulate human cortical development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust, multistep process for human cortical development from pluripotent stem cells.
  • To create a functional in vitro model for studying human brain development and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
  • Induction of cortical stem and progenitor cells with retinoid signaling.
  • Extended neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and functional synaptic network formation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated human cortical tissue from ES and iPS cells.
  • Demonstrated retinoid signaling dependency for cortical neuroepithelial stem cell induction.
  • Observed recapitulation of in vivo developmental timing for all cortical projection neuron classes.

Conclusions:

  • The developed system provides a viable model for studying human cerebral cortex development.
  • Enables functional studies and generation of individual-specific cortical networks ex vivo.
  • Offers potential for disease modeling and therapeutic applications in neurological disorders.