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Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

Chromosome Structure

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...

Lampbrush Chromosomes

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...

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Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Published on: December 10, 2012

Chromosome dynamics in multichromosome bacteria.

Jyoti K Jha¹, Jong Hwan Baek, Tatiana Venkova-Canova

¹Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta

|February 7, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Multichromosome bacteria, like Vibrio cholerae, possess distinct replication and segregation programs. Their split genomes offer advantages for rapid growth and genome maintenance.

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Area of Science:

Bacteriology
Genomics
Molecular Biology

Background:

Historically, bacteria were presumed to possess a single chromosome.
Genomic advancements reveal that some bacteria, similar to eukaryotes, harbor multiple chromosomes.
Multichromosome systems present unique avenues for studying genome evolution and coordination.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the emergence and coordination of split genomes in bacteria.
Examine inter-chromosomal communication in replication and segregation.
Determine the selective advantages conferred by multichromosomal structures.

Main Methods:

Comparative genomics analysis of Vibrio cholerae's two chromosomes (chr1 and chr2).
Investigation of replication and segregation programs for each chromosome.
Analysis of gene expression patterns, particularly for chr2 genes.

Main Results:

Vibrio cholerae possesses two chromosomes, chr1 (housekeeping) and chr2 (plasmid-derived).
Each chromosome utilizes separate replication and segregation programs, yet terminates replication synchronously.
Segregation genes influence chromosome replication in a chromosome-specific manner.
Split genomes facilitate faster duplication with fewer replication forks, aiding rapid growth.

Conclusions:

Multichromosomal bacteria exhibit complex coordination between chromosomes, challenging previous assumptions.
The split genome in V. cholerae provides adaptive advantages, especially during rapid growth and host colonization.
Further research into multichromosomal systems is crucial for expanding our understanding of chromosome biology.