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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
One well-characterized example of receptor-mediated endocytosis is the...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

A CD74-dependent MHC class I endolysosomal cross-presentation pathway.

Genc Basha1, Kyla Omilusik, Ana Chavez-Steenbock

  • 1The Biomedical Research Centre, The Michael Smith Laboratories, The Centre for Blood Research, The Brain Research Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Nature Immunology
|February 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Dendritic cells (DCs) typically present antigens via MHC class II. This study reveals a new CD74-dependent pathway for DCs to present exogenous antigens on MHC class I, crucial for T cell responses.

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are key initiators of immune responses through antigen cross-presentation.
  • The chaperone CD74 (invariant chain) was previously understood to function solely in MHC class II antigen presentation.
  • The role of CD74 in initiating MHC class I-restricted T cell responses remained largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a potential CD74-dependent pathway for MHC class I cross-presentation in dendritic cells.
  • To determine the role of this pathway in generating cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dendritic cells to study antigen cross-presentation pathways.
  • Investigated the association of CD74 with MHC class I molecules.
  • Tracked the trafficking of MHC class I molecules within DCs using cellular and molecular biology techniques.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a novel CD74-dependent pathway for MHC class I cross-presentation in DCs.
  • Showed that CD74 associates with MHC class I in the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Confirmed CD74 mediates the transport of MHC class I to endolysosomal compartments for exogenous peptide loading.
  • This pathway plays a significant role in CTL responses against viral and cellular antigens.

Conclusions:

  • CD74 possesses a previously unrecognized function in endolysosomal cross-presentation by DCs.
  • This CD74-mediated pathway is critical for priming MHC class I-restricted CTL responses.
  • The findings expand our understanding of immune surveillance and T cell activation mechanisms.