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Related Concept Videos

Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
What is Population Genetics?01:25

What is Population Genetics?

A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, they pass down their genes to their offspring. Many of these genes are polymorphic, meaning that they occur in multiple variants. Such variations of a gene are referred to as alleles. The collective set of all the alleles within a population is known as the gene pool.
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
Determination of Expected Frequency01:08

Determination of Expected Frequency

Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests01:19

Expected Frequencies in Goodness-of-Fit Tests

A goodness-of-fit test is conducted to determine whether the observed frequency values are statistically similar to the frequencies expected for the dataset. Suppose the expected frequencies for a dataset are equal such as when predicting the frequency of any number appearing when casting a die. In that case, the expected frequency is the ratio of the total number of observations (n) to the number of categories (k).
Distributions to Estimate Population Parameter01:26

Distributions to Estimate Population Parameter

The accurate values of population parameters such as population proportion, population mean, and population standard deviation (or variance) are usually unknown. These are fixed values that can only be estimated from the data collected from the samples. The estimates of each of these parameters are sample proportion, the sample mean, and sample standard deviation (or variance). To obtain the values of these sample statistics, data are required that have particular distribution and central...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations
10:17

An Allele-specific Gene Expression Assay to Test the Functional Basis of Genetic Associations

Published on: November 3, 2010

Estimating allele frequencies.

Indra Adrianto1, Courtney Montgomery

  • 1Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|February 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This chapter details methods for estimating allele frequencies in populations. It covers natural estimators for unrelated individuals and maximum likelihood estimation for related individuals, alongside factors influencing these frequencies.

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Area of Science:

  • Population Genetics
  • Statistical Genetics

Background:

  • Accurate estimation of allele frequencies is fundamental to population genetics.
  • Understanding genetic variation within and between populations requires reliable frequency data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe methods for estimating allele frequencies from both unrelated and related individuals.
  • To explain factors that influence allele frequencies in populations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing natural estimators for allele frequency calculation in samples of unrelated individuals with codominant markers.
  • Applying maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) for computing allele frequencies in genetic data from related individuals.

Main Results:

  • Established methods for allele frequency estimation are presented.
  • The influence of various factors on allele frequencies is discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Appropriate statistical methods are crucial for accurate allele frequency estimation in diverse population samples.
  • Knowledge of factors affecting allele frequencies aids in interpreting population genetic data.