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Related Concept Videos

The Equilibrium Constant03:10

The Equilibrium Constant

Consider the oxidation of sulfur dioxide:
The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength02:18

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:
The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength02:18

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at equilibrium:
Calculating the Equilibrium Constant02:46

Calculating the Equilibrium Constant

The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
For example, gaseous nitrogen dioxide forms dinitrogen tetroxide according to this equation:
One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation01:24

One-Compartment Open Model: Wagner-Nelson and Loo Riegelman Method for ka Estimation

This lesson introduces two critical methods in pharmacokinetics, the Wagner-Nelson and Loo-Riegelman methods, used for estimating the absorption rate constant (ka) for drugs administered via non-intravenous routes. The Wagner-Nelson method relates ka to the plasma concentration derived from the slope of a semilog percent unabsorbed time plot. However, it is limited to drugs with one-compartment kinetics and can be impacted by factors like gastrointestinal motility or enzymatic degradation.
On...
Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations

Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
The first step is to identify all the chemical reactions involved, The...

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Related Experiment Videos

Estimating disequilibrium coefficients.

Maren Vens1, Andreas Ziegler

  • 1Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|February 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gametic phase disequilibrium (GPD) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) measure allele associations. This chapter introduces key methods for estimating allelic and genotypic LD, including software applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Population Genetics
  • Statistical Genetics
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Gametic phase disequilibrium (GPD) refers to the nonrandom association of alleles within gametes.
  • Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is a specific instance of GPD, indicating a deviation from independence between alleles at two linked genetic loci.
  • Accurate estimation of LD is crucial for understanding genetic structure and evolutionary processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the most important measures for estimating allelic and genotypic linkage disequilibrium.
  • To explain how genotype-based LD measures circumvent the need for haplotype estimation, thereby avoiding bias.
  • To illustrate the practical application of LD estimation using relevant software packages.

Main Methods:

  • Review and introduction of key statistical measures for allelic LD.
  • Presentation of genotype-based LD measures that do not require prior haplotype inference.
  • Demonstration of LD estimation procedures using common bioinformatics software.

Main Results:

  • Established measures for both allelic and genotypic linkage disequilibrium are presented.
  • Genotype-based LD estimation methods are shown to be a viable alternative to haplotype-based approaches.
  • Practical guidance on utilizing software for LD analysis is provided.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding and estimating LD is fundamental in population genetics.
  • Genotype-based methods offer a robust approach to LD estimation, simplifying analysis.
  • The chapter equips readers with knowledge of LD measures and practical software skills.