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Related Concept Videos

Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
Evolution of New Traits in Microbes01:24

Evolution of New Traits in Microbes

Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

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Extensive X-linked adaptive evolution in central chimpanzees.

Christina Hvilsom1, Yu Qian, Thomas Bataillon

  • 1Science and Conservation, Copenhagen Zoo, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|February 7, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimpanzee X chromosomes show significant adaptive evolution, with most beneficial mutations being recessive. This explains reduced genetic divergence between human and chimpanzee X chromosomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Population Genetics

Background:

  • Studying genome-wide coding variation reveals the genetics of adaptation and the role of positive selection.
  • Contrasting autosomes and the X chromosome provides insights into the dominance of beneficial and deleterious mutations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze complete exomes of 12 chimpanzees, presenting the largest set of protein-coding polymorphism to date.
  • To investigate adaptive evolution on the X chromosome versus autosomes in chimpanzees.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-exome sequencing of 12 chimpanzees.
  • Analysis of protein-coding polymorphisms.
  • Comparison of selection pressures on X chromosome and autosomes.

Main Results:

  • Extensive adaptive evolution on the chimpanzee X chromosome, with up to 30% of amino acid replacements being adaptive.
  • Minimal adaptive evolution on autosomes, except for immunity gene clusters.
  • Stronger purifying selection on the chimpanzee X chromosome compared to autosomes and human X chromosome.
  • Reduced synonymous diversity on the chimpanzee X chromosome relative to autosomes.

Conclusions:

  • Most adaptive mutations in chimpanzees are recessive.
  • The observed patterns of selection on the X chromosome may explain reduced human-chimpanzee divergence on this chromosome.