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Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

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Updated: May 25, 2026

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools

Published on: December 28, 2021

Three differentiation states risk-stratify bladder cancer into distinct subtypes.

Jens-Peter Volkmer¹, Debashis Sahoo, Robert K Chin

¹Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. jvolkmer@stanford.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|February 7, 2012

Summary

This study introduces a new molecular classification for bladder cancer (BC) based on tumor cell differentiation. Keratin 14 (KRT14) identifies primitive cells linked to worse prognosis in basal, intermediate, and differentiated BC subtypes.

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3-D Cell Culture System for Studying Invasion and Evaluating Therapeutics in Bladder Cancer

3-D Cell Culture System for Studying Invasion and Evaluating Therapeutics in Bladder Cancer

Published on: September 13, 2018

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Cancer research
Molecular pathology

Background:

Current bladder cancer (BC) staging relies on pathological stage and grade.
Need for additional prognostic markers in BC management.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate molecular classification of BC based on tumor cell differentiation.
To identify novel prognostic markers for bladder cancer.

Main Methods:

Utilized large gene-expression databases and a biologically supervised computational model.
Assessed tumorigenicity and differentiation potential via xenotransplantation.
Correlated marker prognostic utility with outcomes in gene expression and FFPE tissue datasets.

Main Results:

Identified three BC subtypes: basal, intermediate, and differentiated, based on differentiation states.
Found that the most primitive tumor cell subpopulation drives xenograft tumor formation.
Keratin 14 (KRT14) marks the most primitive differentiation state and is associated with worse prognosis.

Conclusions:

Molecular subclassification of BC based on differentiation provides additional prognostic information.
KRT14 is a key marker for identifying aggressive BC subtypes.
Distinct tumor-initiating populations characterize each BC subtype.