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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:58

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Xenotransplantation of Human Stem Cells into the Chicken Embryo
15:42

Xenotransplantation of Human Stem Cells into the Chicken Embryo

Published on: July 11, 2010

Solving the "X" in embryos and stem cells.

Pablo Bermejo-Alvarez1, Priscila Ramos-Ibeas, Alfonso Gutierrez-Adan

  • 1Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA. borrillobermejo@hotmail.com

Stem Cells and Development
|February 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) ensures equal gene expression in mammals. Recent studies reveal XCI timing varies across species, impacting pluripotency and differentiation, with two active X chromosomes (Xa) being key in early development.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) equalizes X-linked gene expression between sexes.
  • Imprinted XCI silences the paternal X in extra-embryonic tissues (e.g., mice), while random XCI occurs elsewhere.
  • Despite 40 years of study, XCI timing and mechanisms remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the timing and mechanisms of imprinted and random XCI.
  • To explore the role of XCI in pluripotency and its implications for stem cell research.
  • To discuss the significance of two active X chromosomes (Xa) in early development and potential sex-specific differences.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent publications on XCI timing and mechanisms.
  • Analysis of XCI status in different species (bovines, rabbits, humans, mice) at the blastocyst stage.
  • Examination of XCI in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

Main Results:

  • XCI is not completed by the blastocyst stage in bovines, rabbits, and humans, unlike in mice.
  • All species studied have two active X chromosomes (Xa) in the early epiblast of the blastocyst.
  • Human ESCs show heterogeneity in XCI; two Xa are linked to ground-state pluripotency and serve as a quality marker.
  • XCI reversal is crucial for naïve pluripotency in iPSCs, with pluripotency regulators interacting with Xist.
  • Two Xa may cause sex-specific transcriptional regulation, leading to sexual dimorphism in reprogramming and differentiation.

Conclusions:

  • XCI timing is more variable across species than previously thought.
  • The presence of two active X chromosomes (Xa) is a significant feature of early mammalian development and pluripotency.
  • Understanding XCI dynamics is critical for stem cell biology, reprogramming, and addressing sexual dimorphism in development.