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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...

Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

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Updated: May 25, 2026

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

An Efficient and High Yield Method for Isolation of Mouse Dendritic Cell Subsets

Published on: April 18, 2016

CD163 and its expanding functional repertoire.

P Akila¹, V Prashant, M N Suma

¹Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS University, Mysore, India. akila.prashant@gmail.com

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry

|February 8, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

CD163, a macrophage receptor, binds hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes and regulates inflammation. Soluble CD163 is a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for various diseases.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell biology

Background:

Macrophages are crucial immune cells expressing surface receptors like CD163.
CD163 belongs to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich super family (SRCR-SF) class B and has four isoforms.
CD163 expression is regulated by inflammatory signals, with anti-inflammatory signals inducing and pro-inflammatory signals downregulating its synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current knowledge on CD163.
To highlight CD163's role as a receptor for hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes.
To discuss CD163's function in controlling inflammatory processes and its potential as a diagnostic and therapeutic target.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing studies on CD163.
Analysis of CD163's structure, isoforms, and regulation.
Examination of CD163's functions, including ligand binding and inflammatory pathway modulation.

Main Results:

CD163 acts as a receptor for hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes.
CD163 plays a critical role in regulating inflammatory processes through anti-inflammatory pathways.
Soluble CD163, generated by ectodomain shedding, is a potential diagnostic marker for diseases like inflammation, atherosclerosis, transplant rejection, and carcinoma.
CD163 is identified as a promising target for cell-directed therapy.

Conclusions:

CD163 is a multifaceted receptor involved in immune response, inflammation control, and diagnostics.
Its role in binding hemoglobin-haptoglobin complexes and modulating inflammation is significant.
Soluble CD163 and CD163 itself represent valuable targets for disease diagnosis and therapy.