Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Microbial Bioremediation of Plastics

Microbial Bioremediation of Plastics

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer widely utilized in the packaging industry, particularly for bottles and containers. Due to its chemical stability and durability, PET accumulates in the environment, contributing significantly to plastic pollution. It comprises repeating units of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, resulting in a semi-crystalline structure that is resistant to natural degradation processes.A notable breakthrough in plastic biodegradation came with the...

Bioplastics

Bioplastics

Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under...

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

Physical Properties Affecting Solubility

Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute and solvent species. Unlike solid and liquid solutes, however, there is no solute-solute intermolecular attraction to overcome when a gaseous solute dissolves in a liquid solvent since the atoms or molecules comprising a gas are far separated and experience negligible interactions. Consequently, solute-solvent interactions are the sole...

Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules

Formulation and Manufacturing Process: Physical Attributes of Generic Tablets and Capsules

Bioequivalence in generic drugs, such as tablets and capsules, refers to their pharmaceutical equivalence to the brand-name counterparts. However, for therapeutic equivalence, manufacturers must also consider physical attributes like size, shape, and weight (FDA Guidance for Industry, December 2003). Discrepancies in these aspects could impact patient compliance and cause medication errors. For instance, swallowing difficulties, often experienced with larger tablets or capsules, can lead to...

Microbes in Beverage Production

Microbes in Beverage Production

Alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and spirits are the products of microbial fermentation processes that transform simple sugars into ethanol and a wide array of complex flavor compounds. These transformations rely on the metabolic activities of specific yeasts and bacteria, which are selected and controlled to yield the desired beverage characteristics.Wine Fermentation and MaturationWine production begins with the crushing of grapes to release juice and pulp, forming a must that is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Wheelchair satisfaction: a study with mothers of children and adolescents with severe cerebral palsy.

Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology·2025

Same author

Effectiveness of Ergonomic Training to Decrease Awkward Postures during Dental Scaling Procedures: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2021

Same author

Evaluation of two wheelchair hand rim models: contact pressure distribution in straight line and curve trajectories.

Ergonomics·2019

Same author

The influence of axle position and the use of accessories on the activity of upper limb muscles during manual wheelchair propulsion.

International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE·2017

Same author

The influence of seat height, trunk inclination and hip posture on the activity of the superior trapezius and longissimus.

Journal of physical therapy science·2016

Same author

Product functions: interfaces with ergonomic design.

Work (Reading, Mass.)·2012

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Sampling, Identification and Characterization of Microplastics Release from Polypropylene Baby Feeding Bottle during Daily Use

Sampling, Identification and Characterization of Microplastics Release from Polypropylene Baby Feeding Bottle during Daily Use

Published on: July 24, 2021

Openability of soft drinks PET packagings.

Danilo Corrêa Silva¹, Luis Carlos Paschoarelli, José Carlos Plácido da Silva

¹Department of Design, Paulista State University, Av. Eng. Luiz Edmundo C. Coube 14-01, Vargem Limpa, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. danilo@idemdesign.net

Work (Reading, Mass.)

|February 10, 2012

Summary

Many PET bottles are difficult to open due to required torque force, posing challenges for a significant number of users. This study introduces a simple test to assess opening forces and predict user accessibility issues.

More Related Videos

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Published on: April 7, 2017

Low-cost Polyethylene Terephthalate Lamination Microfluidics Designs for Multiplexed Zebrafish Imaging

Low-cost Polyethylene Terephthalate Lamination Microfluidics Designs for Multiplexed Zebrafish Imaging

Published on: September 27, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Sampling, Identification and Characterization of Microplastics Release from Polypropylene Baby Feeding Bottle during Daily Use

Sampling, Identification and Characterization of Microplastics Release from Polypropylene Baby Feeding Bottle during Daily Use

Published on: July 24, 2021

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

Published on: April 7, 2017

Low-cost Polyethylene Terephthalate Lamination Microfluidics Designs for Multiplexed Zebrafish Imaging

Low-cost Polyethylene Terephthalate Lamination Microfluidics Designs for Multiplexed Zebrafish Imaging

Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Human Factors Engineering
Consumer Product Design

Background:

Packaging accessibility studies are limited in Brazil.
Many consumer products present opening challenges.
Difficulties include non-informative labels, tricky seals, and high force requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a simple test for determining the torque force required to open PET bottles.
To predict the proportion of users unable to open these containers.
To highlight packaging accessibility issues in the Brazilian market.

Main Methods:

Development of a straightforward torque test for PET bottle caps.
Analysis of force requirements to quantify opening difficulty.
Estimation of user populations with insufficient grip strength.

Main Results:

A significant number of users are unable to open PET bottles.
Many users experience difficulty exerting the necessary torque force.
The developed test effectively predicts potential accessibility barriers.

Conclusions:

PET bottle cap torque is a critical factor in packaging accessibility.
A substantial user segment faces challenges with current PET bottle designs.
Further research and design considerations are needed to improve universal packaging access.