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Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

Introduction to Special Senses

Introduction to Special Senses

Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive functions.

Auditory Perception

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Using Insect Electroantennogram Sensors on Autonomous Robots for Olfactory Searches

Using Insect Electroantennogram Sensors on Autonomous Robots for Olfactory Searches

Published on: August 4, 2014

Olfaction and hearing based mobile robot navigation for odor/sound source search.

Kai Song¹, Qi Liu, Qi Wang

¹School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China. kaisong@hit.edu.cn

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|February 10, 2012

Summary

This study developed a bionic multi-robot system using smell, hearing, and touch for cooperative target searching. The system successfully integrates biological senses for robust mobile robot navigation and enhanced search capabilities.

Keywords:

heading direction multi-robot system odor tracking smell and hearing sound localization wireless sensor networks

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Electroantennography-based Bio-hybrid Odor-detecting Drone using Silkmoth Antennae for Odor Source Localization

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Using Insect Electroantennogram Sensors on Autonomous Robots for Olfactory Searches

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Insect-controlled Robot: A Mobile Robot Platform to Evaluate the Odor-tracking Capability of an Insect

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Electroantennography-based Bio-hybrid Odor-detecting Drone using Silkmoth Antennae for Odor Source Localization

Electroantennography-based Bio-hybrid Odor-detecting Drone using Silkmoth Antennae for Odor Source Localization

Published on: August 27, 2021

Area of Science:

Robotics
Bionic Technology
Sensor Fusion

Background:

Mobile robot navigation often faces challenges in complex environments.
Integrating multiple biological senses offers a promising approach for enhanced robot perception and cooperation.
Cooperative target searching requires sophisticated localization and navigation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and implement a multi-robot system that fuses olfactory, auditory, and tactile senses for cooperative target searching.
To develop a bionic navigation algorithm for mobile robots that utilizes fused sensory information.
To evaluate the system's performance in accurately locating odor sources and tracking targets.

Main Methods:

An olfactory robot uses gas and airflow sensors for odor plume tracking.
Two auditory robots employ time delay estimation (TDE) and microphone arrays for sound source localization.
A heading direction-based navigation algorithm adjusts robot velocity and direction using magnetoresistive sensors and fused sensory data.
Robots communicate via a wireless sensor network (WSN).

Main Results:

The olfactory robot accurately pinpointed odor sources within 2 meters.
Auditory robots successfully localized and tracked the olfactory robot within 2 minutes.
The multi-robot system demonstrated high stability and a considerable success ratio in target search tasks.

Conclusions:

The integration of bionic senses (smell, hearing, touch) significantly enhances multi-robot system capabilities for target searching.
The developed heading direction-based navigation algorithm ensures stable and automatic robot movement.
This bionic approach offers a robust and efficient solution for cooperative mobile robot navigation and search operations.