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Updated: May 25, 2026

Oral Biofilm Formation on Different Materials for Dental Implants
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Surface characterization of SLActive dental implants.

Spiros Zinelis1, Nick Silikas, Andrew Thomas

  • 1Department of Biomaterials, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

The European Journal of Esthetic Dentistry : Official Journal of the European Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
|February 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The hydrophilic SLActive titanium dental implant exhibits enhanced surface chemistry, higher hydroxyl content, and increased roughness compared to the standard SLA implant. These characteristics likely contribute to its improved biological activity.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dental Implantology
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Titanium dental implants are widely used, with surface modifications aimed at improving osseointegration.
  • The SLActive surface is a hydrophilic modification of the standard sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) surface.
  • Understanding the surface properties of dental implants is crucial for predicting their biological performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the surface chemistry, hydration, topography, and roughness of the SLActive titanium dental implant.
  • To compare the properties of SLActive implants in different conditions (as received, water-rinsed, ultrasonicated) with the conventional SLA implant.
  • To correlate surface properties with the known enhanced biological activity of SLActive implants.

Main Methods:

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  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for elemental and binding state analysis.
  • Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (SEM/EDX).
  • Reflection Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (RFTIRM).
  • Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) for hydration/dehydration cycling.
  • 3D-optical profilometry for surface roughness analysis.

Main Results:

  • SLActive implants (SAR) showed higher hydroxyl [-OH]/O2- ratio and increased oxygen, sodium, and chlorine content compared to SLA.
  • Ultrasonication (SAU) significantly reduced carbon content and increased titanium and oxygen on SLActive surfaces.
  • SLActive surfaces demonstrated full rehydration capacity, unlike SLA, and exhibited greater spatial and functional roughness.

Conclusions:

  • The SLActive surface possesses a more hydroxylated titanium content and increased surface roughness compared to the SLA surface.
  • These distinct surface properties, including enhanced hydration capacity, are likely responsible for the superior biological performance of SLActive implants.
  • The findings provide a surface chemistry and topography basis for the enhanced biological activity observed in clinical studies.