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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes01:30

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased by a...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

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Updated: May 25, 2026

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
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Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR

Published on: February 4, 2018

[Seronegative Lyme arthritis].

Sambor Grygorczuk1, Joanna Zajkowska, Maciej Kondrusik

  • 1Klinika Chorób Zakaźnych i Neuroinfekcji Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Białymstoku.

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny
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PubMed
Summary

Serologic confirmation is crucial for diagnosing Lyme borreliosis, except for typical erythema migrans. Seronegativity in Lyme arthritis can occur early or after insufficient treatment, requiring further investigation.

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Simultaneous Detection of Different Antibody Classes in a Multiplexed Serological Test
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Simultaneous Detection of Different Antibody Classes in a Multiplexed Serological Test

Published on: July 14, 2023

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR
07:20

Detecting the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia Burgdorferi, in Ticks Using Nested PCR

Published on: February 4, 2018

Simultaneous Detection of Different Antibody Classes in a Multiplexed Serological Test
05:25

Simultaneous Detection of Different Antibody Classes in a Multiplexed Serological Test

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Context:

  • Lyme borreliosis diagnosis relies on serology, but exceptions exist.
  • Early disease stages and prior antibiotic treatment can lead to seronegative Lyme arthritis.
  • Typical erythema migrans (EM) lesions often bypass the need for serologic confirmation.

Purpose:

  • To outline diagnostic challenges in Lyme borreliosis, particularly concerning seronegativity.
  • To explain reasons for false-negative serologic tests in Lyme disease patients.
  • To emphasize the importance of clinical presentation and further testing in specific cases.

Summary:

  • Serologic confirmation is standard for Lyme borreliosis, excluding classic erythema migrans (EM).
  • Seronegativity in Lyme arthritis often results from testing too early or from inadequate EM treatment, potentially causing relapses without detectable antibodies.
  • Extremely rare cases of seronegative Lyme arthritis unrelated to prior therapy necessitate histopathologic or molecular confirmation.

Impact:

  • Improves diagnostic accuracy for Lyme borreliosis, especially in seronegative cases.
  • Guides clinicians on when to consider alternative diagnostic methods beyond serology.
  • Highlights the complexity of Lyme disease diagnosis and management.