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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are themselves.
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing
04:30

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

Published on: October 25, 2019

Ambiguity's aftermath: how age differences in resolving lexical ambiguity affect subsequent comprehension.

Chia-lin Lee1, Kara D Federmeier

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, United States. leechial@einstein.edu

Neuropsychologia
|February 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Younger adults use neural resources for meaning suppression that older adults do not, impacting their comprehension of ambiguous words. This age-related decline affects how effectively older individuals process language.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Aging Research

Background:

  • Ambiguity resolution is crucial for language comprehension.
  • Age-related cognitive changes can affect neural resource recruitment for complex tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age differences in neural mechanisms underlying ambiguity resolution.
  • To determine the consequences of these neural differences for subsequent comprehension.

Main Methods:

  • Participants: younger and older adults.
  • Task: Comprehension of sentences containing noun/verb homographs and unambiguous words.
  • Measurement: Event-related potentials (ERPs) focusing on sustained frontal negativity and behavioral plausibility effects.

Main Results:

  • Younger adults exhibited sustained frontal negativity to homographs, indicating recruitment of selection-related neural resources.
  • Younger adults showed successful meaning selection (suppression) evidenced by subsequent plausibility effects.
  • Older adults showed reduced plausibility effects, particularly when the context favored the non-dominant meaning, suggesting impaired meaning suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Meaning suppression, a process reflected in frontal negativity, becomes less efficient with age.
  • This age-related decline in suppression impacts the ability to resolve linguistic ambiguity and comprehend sentences accurately.