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Goiter

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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Effect of smoking intensity on thyroid volume, thyroid nodularity and thyroid function: the Melen study.

L Y Aydin¹, Y Aydin, F H Besir

¹Chest Disease Department, Duzce University School of Medicine, Konuralp-Duzce, Turkey.

Minerva Endocrinologica

|February 11, 2012

Summary

Heavy smoking is linked to a higher prevalence of goiter and thyroid nodules, but not thyroid dysfunction. This study investigated smoking

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Public Health
Epidemiology

Background:

Thyroid diseases are prevalent globally, influenced by various lifestyle factors.
Iodine deficiency is a significant public health concern affecting thyroid health.
Smoking is a widespread habit with known health implications, but its specific impact on thyroid morphology and function requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between smoking habits, goiter, thyroid function, and ultrasonographic nodularity.
To assess these associations within a population residing in a moderately iodine-deficient area.

Main Methods:

The MELEN study prospectively surveyed 2298 Turkish adults (mean age 50).
Data on smoking habits were collected via questionnaires and physician interviews.
Thyroid ultrasonography was performed, and serum free thyroxine and TSH levels were measured.

Main Results:

Mean thyroid volumes were lower in current smokers compared to former or never smokers.
Heavy smokers (>20 pack/year) exhibited higher thyroid volumes, goiter, and multinodular goiter (MNG) prevalence than moderate smokers.
Thyrotoxicosis (TSH<0.35) was more frequent in heavy smokers (14.1%) versus moderate smokers (8.2%).
Heavy smoking independently predicted goiter (OR: 1.459).

Conclusions:

Heavy smoking is associated with an increased prevalence of thyroid multinodularity and goiter compared to moderate smoking.
No significant association was found between smoking habits and thyroid dysfunction (thyroid function).