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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Intracellular Hormone Receptors01:08

Intracellular Hormone Receptors

Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid hormone receptor-α and vascular function.

Ayako Makino1, Hong Wang, Brian T Scott

  • 1Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
|February 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone (TH) receptors, specifically TRα, regulate coronary vascular tone. TH treatment decreases vascular tone by increasing K(+) channel activity via TRα in smooth muscle cells.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone (TH) benefits cardiovascular health, including lowering cholesterol and improving cardiac function.
  • The role of TH receptors (TRs) in regulating vascular tone remains largely unexplored.
  • Understanding TRs' function in vascular smooth muscle is crucial for cardiovascular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of TR subtypes to vascular contractility in the heart.
  • To determine the specific TR subtype predominant in coronary smooth muscle cells (SMCs).
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which TH influences vascular tone.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing TR subtype-specific knockout (KO) mice to assess vascular contraction.
  • Isolating and analyzing coronary arteries and SMCs from wild-type and KO mice.
  • Measuring K(+) channel activity in SMCs under varying conditions of TH treatment and TRα deficiency.

Main Results:

  • Coronary arteries from TRα KO mice showed significantly enhanced vascular contraction compared to wild-type.
  • Chronic TH treatment attenuated coronary vascular contraction.
  • TRα was identified as the predominant TR in mouse coronary SMCs.
  • TRα KO SMCs exhibited decreased K(+) channel activity, while TH treatment dose-dependently increased it.

Conclusions:

  • TRα in SMCs plays a prominent role in regulating vascular tone.
  • TH treatment decreases coronary vascular tone by enhancing K(+) channel activity through TRα in SMCs.
  • These findings highlight a novel mechanism for TH in cardiovascular regulation.