Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...

Law of Rational Indices

Law of Rational Indices

The Law of rational indices is a fundamental principle in the field of crystallography. According to this law, the intercepts of a crystal face along the crystallographic axes (the three-dimensional axes along which a crystal is measured) can be expressed as either equivalent to the unit intercepts (a, b, c) or simple whole number multiples of them. These multiples are typically denoted as na, n'b, and n''c, where n, n', and n'' are simple whole numbers.To illustrate, consider a crystal with...

Geometry of Hyperbolas

Geometry of Hyperbolas

A hyperbola consists of all points where the absolute difference of distances to two fixed points, called foci, remains constant. The standard equation isEach branch extends infinitely and approaches two asymptotes, which guide the curve’s behavior. The parameters a and b define key features: a measures the distance from the center to each vertex along the transverse axis, while b influences the slopes of the asymptotes. The asymptotes have equationsA rectangle centered at the origin with...

Perpendicular-Axis Theorem

Perpendicular-Axis Theorem

The perpendicular-axis theorem states that the moment of inertia of a planar object about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of the moments of inertia about two mutually perpendicular concurrent axes lying in the plane of the body.
Consider a circular disc of mass M and radius R lying along an x-y plane. The origin lies at the center of the disc, and the z-axis is perpendicular to the disc's plane. All three axes coincide at the disc's center. The moment of inertia of this...

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...

Stereoisomerism

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Quantitative team performance metrics for dismounted infantry battle drill analysis.

Applied ergonomics·2025

Same author

Vector space of generalized radii of ellipses for quantitative analysis of blur patches and other referred apertures in the astigmatic eye.

Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision·2019

Same author

Cardinal and anti-cardinal points, equalities and chromatic dependence.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2017

Same author

Quantitative analysis of eyes and other optical systems in linear optics.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2017

Same author

Conditions in linear optics for sharp and undistorted retinal images, including Le Grand's conditions for distant objects.

Vision research·2013

Same author

Pseudophakic monovision: optimal distribution of refractions.

Acta ophthalmologica·2013

Same journal

Computational and mathematical models in vision: Quantitative approaches to understanding visual perception.

Vision research·2026

Same journal

Complex interactions between lightness, chroma, and hue in color ensemble perception.

Vision research·2026

Same journal

Driving with autism spectrum disorder: Exploring the impact of tactile hazard warnings on gaze behavior and hazard responses.

Vision research·2026

Same journal

Early visual processing in adults with ADHD: evidence from contrast sensitivity, spatial integration, and external noise.

Vision research·2026

Same journal

Pupil reflexes generate the peripheral drift illusion due to ON/OFF motion responses.

Vision research·2026

Same journal

Perceived direction of glass patterns can flip by 90°: A neural model.

Vision research·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Published on: November 21, 2019

Achromatic axes and their linear optics.

William F Harris¹

¹Department of Optometry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.

Vision Research

|February 14, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzes achromatic axes in optical systems, defining them based on ray dispersion. It introduces a weaker definition for practical applications, particularly in the human eye's optics.

More Related Videos

Constructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans

Constructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans

Published on: November 15, 2011

A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

Published on: May 30, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Published on: November 21, 2019

Constructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans

Constructing a Low-budget Laser Axotomy System to Study Axon Regeneration in C. elegans

Published on: November 15, 2011

A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

A Guide to Structured Illumination TIRF Microscopy at High Speed with Multiple Colors

Published on: May 30, 2016

Area of Science:

Optical physics
Ophthalmic optics

Background:

Le Grand and Ivanoff previously defined achromatic axes, influencing eye optics research.
A dedicated analysis of achromatic axes has been lacking despite their importance.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive analysis of achromatic axes.
To investigate achromatic axes based on a weaker, dichromatic definition for practical optical systems.

Main Methods:

Development of linear optics for achromatic axes in heterocentric and astigmatic systems.
Derivation of equations to determine the existence, uniqueness, and location of these axes.

Main Results:

Strict Le Grand-Ivanoff achromatic axes are rare in optical systems.
Weaker achromatic axes, based on dichromatic rays, exist and are practically equivalent.
A unique achromatic axis is found for each retinal point in a four-refracting surface eye model.

Conclusions:

The analysis provides a framework for understanding achromatic axes in complex optical systems like the human eye.
The findings are applicable to the eye and combined eye-instrument systems.
A classification of six types of achromatic axes is proposed, with formulas for their location.